CBSE Class 10 Social Science: 2024 board paper, set 32/2/1

1. Johann Gottfried Herder was a German philosopher of the Romanticist school. He held that true German culture lay in the common people (das volk), their folk songs, poetry and dance.

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Answer: (C) Romanticist

1. The Act of Union (1707) did create the United Kingdom of Great Britain, so A is true.

2. England used the Act to extend its influence over Scotland, and Scottish culture and political institutions were suppressed. So R is true and it explains A.

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Answer: (A)

1. Napoleonic Civil Code (1804), Treaty of Constantinople (1832), Hungary granted autonomy (1867), Balkan conflict (the 1870s onwards and after). The order is IV, I, II, III.

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Answer: (C) IV, I, II & III

1. Sudarshan Chakra wrote Sachhi Kavitayen, so B is correct. Kashi Baba wrote Chhote Bade Sawal, so D is also a correct match. Jyotiba Phule wrote Gulamgiri and Rashsundari Debi wrote Amar Jiban, so A and C are wrong.

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Answer: (B); the scheme also accepts (D)

1. Mica is a non-metallic mineral. Natural gas is an energy (fuel) mineral. Bauxite, manganese and platinum are metallic minerals.

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Answer: (A) Natural Gas

1. Alluvial soil is widespread, forms the northern plains and is made of sand, silt and clay.

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Answer: (D) Alluvial soil

1. Wheat is a food crop (c), ragi a millet (a), tea a beverage crop (b) and maize a food and fodder crop (d).

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Answer: (C) I-c, II-a, III-b, IV-d

1. No state religion plus freedom to practise any faith describes a secular state.

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Answer: (D) Secular

1. Communication is a Union List subject, so A is correct. Adoption is a Concurrent List subject, so C is also correct. Education and marriage are Concurrent List subjects, so B and D are wrong.

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Answer: (A); the scheme also accepts (C)

1. Statements I, II and III are true features of Belgium's arrangement. IV is false because Belgium adopted accommodation measures, not majoritarian ones.

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Answer: (D) I, II and III

1. China allows only the Communist Party to rule, so it has a one-party system.

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Answer: (D) China

1. Democracy means rule by the people with freedom, whereas the other options describe monarchy or dictatorship.

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Answer: (C) Rule of people with freedom

1. Odia is among the 22 languages of the Eighth Schedule. Haryanvi, Rajasthani and Garhwali are not.

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Answer: (D) Odia

1. The literacy rate is the proportion of literate persons in the population aged 7 years and above, as in the textbook.

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Answer: (B) 7

1. Average income = (2000+5000+3000+6000)/4 = 16000/4 = ₹4,000.

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Answer: (A) ₹4,000

1. An astronaut provides a service, so it is in the tertiary sector. A tailor is secondary, a fisherman primary and a courier tertiary.

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Answer: (C) Tertiary Sector – Astronaut

1. Brick-making workers have no job security, fixed hours or regular wages, so this is the unorganised sector.

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Answer: (C) Unorganized sector

1. Banks lend mainly to support production, trade and thereby economic growth.

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Answer: (D) To support economic growth

1. Technology means innovation (c), liberalisation means removing trade restrictions (d), cultural exchange means interaction of ideas (a) and MNCs operate in many countries (b).

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Answer: (B) I-c, II-d, III-a, IV-b

1. BMI is weight divided by height squared and assesses body composition.

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Answer: (C) Assessment of Body Composition

1. The conservative regimes of 1815 (after the Congress of Vienna) wanted to restore the old monarchies and traditional institutions of state and society. They did not accept popular participation or liberal ideas, so they were autocratic.

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2. They did not tolerate criticism or dissent. They imposed censorship laws on newspapers, books, plays and songs, and curbed any activity that questioned the legitimacy of their rule.

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Answer: They restored traditional autocratic institutions and suppressed dissent through censorship.

1. Horizontal power sharing: power is shared among the organs of government at the same level, i.e. legislature, executive and judiciary. Each exercises different powers, so no organ has unlimited power (checks and balances).

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2. Vertical power sharing: power is shared among governments at different levels, i.e. the Union government and state/regional governments. The Constitution lays down their powers (federal division), and each level acts independently in its own sphere.

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Answer: Horizontal sharing is among organs at the same level; vertical sharing is among governments at different levels.

1. Primitive subsistence farming is done on small patches with primitive tools (hoe, dao, digging stick) and family labour. It depends on monsoon and natural soil fertility, and the crops are grown to feed the family. It is the 'slash and burn' type, in which farmers shift to a fresh patch when fertility falls.

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2. Commercial farming uses modern inputs such as HYV seeds, chemical fertilisers and pesticides, and machines (capital intensive). Productivity is high, and crops are grown to sell for profit. For example, rice is a commercial crop in Punjab and Haryana.

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Answer: Subsistence farming is for family needs with primitive tools and low yield; commercial farming is for profit with modern inputs and high yield.

1. Rabi crops are sown in winter (October–December) and harvested in summer (April–June). They need a cool climate to grow and a warm one to ripen. Examples are wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard, grown mainly in Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. Winter rain from western temperate cyclones helps them.

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2. Kharif crops are sown with the onset of the monsoon and harvested in September–October. They need hot weather and heavy rain. Examples are paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, cotton and soyabean, with rice grown in Assam, West Bengal and coastal Odisha.

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Answer: Rabi: winter sowing, summer harvest (wheat, mustard). Kharif: monsoon sowing, autumn harvest (paddy, maize).

1. Sustainable development means growth that does not harm the environment and conserves resources for future generations. A nation can achieve this balance by relying more on renewable resources such as solar, wind and hydel energy instead of exhaustible ones.

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2. Non-renewable resources have a fixed stock, so their use must be reduced. Even renewable resources such as groundwater should not be overused beyond what rain replenishes. Public transport, recycling and reuse also help.

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Answer: Balance is achieved through sustainable development, using renewable resources and using resources wisely.

1. The silk routes were many land and sea routes that linked vast regions of Asia with Europe and northern Africa. They show that trade was well connected even in pre-modern times.

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2. Chinese silk and pottery travelled west along them, and textiles and spices from India and Southeast Asia travelled too.

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3. In return, precious metals such as gold and silver flowed from Europe to Asia. This exchange of goods shows that the trade was vibrant.

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Answer: The silk routes linked Asia, Europe and Africa through a busy two-way exchange of silk, pottery, spices and precious metals.

1. Traders and travellers carried foods to the lands they visited, which spread food habits across regions.

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2. Noodles travelled from China to the West and became spaghetti, while Arab traders took pasta to Sicily.

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3. After the Americas were discovered, potatoes, tomatoes, maize, chillies, soya, groundnuts and sweet potatoes reached Europe and Asia. These came from the American Indians and changed diets across the world.

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Answer: Traders and travellers spread foods such as noodles/pasta and American crops, linking cultures.

1. Manufacturing modernises agriculture, the backbone of our economy, and reduces people's dependence on farm income by creating jobs in the secondary and tertiary sectors.

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2. Industrial development is needed to remove unemployment and poverty. Setting up industries in tribal and backward areas also reduces regional disparities.

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3. Export of manufactured goods expands trade and earns foreign exchange. Countries that turn raw materials into valuable finished goods become prosperous.

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Answer: Manufacturing modernises agriculture, creates jobs, reduces poverty and regional disparity, and earns foreign exchange, hence prosperity.

1. Political parties contest elections. They put up candidates and place different policies and programmes before voters, who choose among them.

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2. Parties play a decisive role in making laws for the country, and the party or alliance with a majority forms and runs the government.

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3. The parties that lose play the role of opposition, criticising the government. Parties also shape public opinion and give people access to welfare schemes. They recruit and train leaders.

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Answer: Parties contest elections, make laws and form the government, act as opposition and shape public opinion.

1. Credit is an agreement in which the lender supplies money, goods or services against a promise of future payment. It is part of many day-to-day transactions.

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2. Credit supplies working capital for production, meeting ongoing expenses so that production is completed on time and earnings rise.

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3. For example, farmers take crop loans for seeds, fertilisers, pesticides and water at the start of the season and repay after harvest. This supports growth in income and employment.

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Answer: Credit supplies working capital, so production is completed on time, raising income and growth.

1. The tertiary sector gives services such as transport, banking, communication, storage and trade. These support the primary and secondary sectors; for example, trucks carry grain and banks give loans.

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2. It produces services rather than goods and includes essential services such as doctors, teachers and traders.

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3. It employs many people, has the largest share in India's GDP, and helps bring in foreign exchange, for example through IT services and tourism.

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Answer: The tertiary sector supports other sectors, gives essential services and employment, and has the highest GDP share.

1. Satyagraha stressed the power of truth and the need to search for it. It was a new method of mass agitation based on truth, tolerance and non-violence.

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2. According to Gandhiji, it was not passive but needed intense activity, a moral force and not physical force.

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3. It meant resisting injustice without violence. Gandhiji made people aware of their rights and encouraged them to fight for them peacefully.

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4. Examples: Champaran (1917) against the oppressive indigo plantation system, and Kheda (1917–18) for revenue relaxation after crop failure.

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5. Example: Ahmedabad (1918) for cotton mill workers. Gandhiji later extended it to the Rowlatt Satyagraha, Non-Cooperation, Civil Disobedience and Quit India movements.

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Answer: Satyagraha was non-violent resistance based on truth, applied in Champaran, Kheda, Ahmedabad and later national movements.

1. Nationalism was linked with the image of Bharat Mata. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote 'Vande Mataram' in the 1870s as a hymn to the motherland, later included in Anandamath and sung widely in the Swadeshi movement.

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2. Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous Bharat Mata as a calm, composed, divine and spiritual ascetic figure.

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3. A movement to revive Indian folklore developed. Nationalists such as Rabindranath Tagore and Natesa Sastri collected folk tales and songs from bards, to rediscover national identity and pride.

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4. Flags became symbols. In the Bengal Swadeshi movement a tricolour flag had eight lotuses for the provinces and a crescent for Hindus and Muslims. Gandhiji later designed the Swaraj flag with a spinning wheel.

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5. Reinterpretation of history: Indians looked at the past to discover India's achievements and instil pride in the nation.

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Answer: Bharat Mata imagery, Vande Mataram, folklore revival, flags and reinterpretation of history built a sense of collective belonging.

1. Energy resources are limited, so we must use them judiciously. Conserving energy keeps supplies for the future, which is the aim of sustainable energy.

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2. We can use public transport instead of private vehicles, or carpool, which saves fuel and reduces pollution.

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3. Switch off lights and appliances when not in use.

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4. Use power-saving devices such as LED bulbs and energy-efficient appliances.

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5. Shift to non-conventional sources such as solar and wind energy (for example solar heaters and cookers), which reduces dependence on fossil fuels.

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Answer: Energy conservation by judicious use, public transport, switching off, efficient devices and renewable sources supports sustainable energy.

1. Energy is a basic requirement for economic development because every activity needs it.

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2. In agriculture, energy runs water pumps, tractors and harvesters. The Green Revolution increased this need.

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3. No industry can run without energy, and the need grows with industrial growth.

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4. Transport (road, rail, air) consumes a lot of energy.

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5. The commercial and domestic sectors need energy for lighting, cooking, heating and appliances.

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Answer: Energy is needed in agriculture, industry, transport, and commercial and domestic uses.

1. In a democracy people choose their rulers and have control over them. Under dictatorship they have no such right.

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2. Democracy has regular free and fair elections and open public debate on policies. Dictatorship offers neither.

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3. Citizens' right to information makes democratic governments accountable, whereas dictators are not answerable.

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4. Democratic decisions are made through deliberation and negotiation, and leaders attend to people's needs because they must be re-elected. Dictators ignore public opinion.

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5. Democracy accommodates social divisions and gives equal political rights and freedom of expression, raising citizens' dignity from subjects to citizens.

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Answer: Democracy is better because it ensures choice of rulers, accountability, deliberation, responsiveness, accommodation and dignity, which dictatorship lacks.

1. Accommodating social diversity lets citizens live peacefully and harmoniously. For example, Belgium successfully negotiated differences among its ethnic groups.

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2. Democracies develop procedures to manage competition among social groups.

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3. They are better able to evolve mechanisms to handle and negotiate social differences, divisions and conflicts.

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4. The majority works with the minority so that government represents the general view. Majority rule must not become rule by a religious, racial or linguistic majority.

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5. Every citizen gets a chance to be in the majority at some time, so no group is permanently excluded.

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Answer: Democracy accommodates diversity through negotiation, procedures, and inclusive majority rule, as in Belgium.

1. Technology has been a major driver of globalisation because it has made it far easier and cheaper to link distant countries through movement of goods, services, people and information.

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2. Transport technology: in the last fifty years, containers, bigger ships, cargo aircraft and better roads and railways have developed greatly.

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3. Result: goods are delivered much faster over long distances and at lower cost. For example, perishable items like flowers and fruits, and garments, can be exported by air to distant markets.

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4. Information and communication technology (ICT) has changed even more rapidly: telecommunications, computers and the Internet.

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5. Telegraph, telephone, mobile phones and fax let people contact each other around the world, and the Internet allows instant e-mail and video communication. This lets firms spread production across countries, for example call centres and software services in India serving foreign companies.

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Answer: Improvements in transport and in information and communication technology cut costs and time, linking markets worldwide and so stimulating globalisation.

1. Foreign trade and foreign investment are the main channels linking countries. Policies governing them are central to liberalisation and globalisation.

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2. Foreign trade lets producers reach markets beyond their own country, not just domestic buyers, and lets them invest outside for better returns.

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3. Consumers get a wider choice of goods, often at lower prices, from different countries. For example, Indian shoppers can buy imported electronics and cars.

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4. Liberalisation means the government removes barriers on imports and exports, such as tariffs and quotas. This makes foreign trade and foreign investment easier and expands trade, connecting the markets of different countries.

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5. Multinational Corporations expand production and invest capital in several countries and produce goods globally. For example, Ford and Nokia set up plants in India. To work smoothly they need favourable government policies, i.e. liberalisation.

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Answer: Liberal trade and investment policies remove barriers, expand foreign trade and attract MNC investment, so they are key aspects of liberalisation and globalisation.

1. (34.1) The colonial government kept continuous track of all books and newspapers published in India and passed laws, such as the Vernacular Press Act, to regulate them.

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2. (34.2) Under the Defence of India Rules in the First World War, 22 newspapers had to furnish securities and 18 of them shut down rather than comply. Press freedom was lost.

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3. (34.3) After the Sedition Committee report of 1919, a report judged seditious led to a warning to the newspaper.

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4. If the warning was ignored, the press could be seized and its printing machinery confiscated, so newspapers were penalised and suppressed.

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Answer: (34.1) Continuous tracking of publications and passing laws to control the press. (34.2) 18 of 22 newspapers shut down and press freedom was lost. (34.3) Seditious reports brought warnings, then seizure of the press and confiscation of machinery.

1. (35.1) Project Tiger was an effort to save a single species on a large scale. It tackled the decline in tiger numbers and indirectly protected whole ecosystems.

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2. (35.2) India and Nepal provide habitat to about two-thirds of the world's surviving tigers. India launched Project Tiger in 1973 and has many tiger reserves to protect them.

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3. (35.3) Threat 1: poaching for trade. Tigers are illegally hunted for skins and bones used in traditional medicines.

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4. Threat 2: habitat loss. Deforestation, urban expansion and agriculture shrink the habitat, and prey species also decline.

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Answer: (35.1) It saved a species on a large scale and protected ecosystems. (35.2) India holds about two-thirds of tigers with Nepal and launched Project Tiger. (35.3) Poaching and habitat loss.

1. (36.1) The 2011 Census recorded more than 1300 distinct languages as mother tongues.

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2. (36.2) Languages such as Bhojpuri, Magadhi, Bundelkhandi, Chhattisgarhi and Rajasthani were grouped under the major language 'Hindi'.

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3. (36.3) Inclusion in the Eighth Schedule gives these languages official recognition for their cultural and linguistic importance.

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4. It helps protect and promote them, so speakers can get education and government services in their own language. Most are also official languages of their states.

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Answer: (36.1) More than 1300. (36.2) Grouped under major languages, e.g. Bhojpuri, Magadhi etc. under Hindi. (36.3) Recognition, protection and promotion of the 22 Scheduled languages.

1. (a)(i) The place where Gandhiji broke the Salt Law is Dandi (Gujarat). Write 'Dandi' on the line near the matching letter.

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2. (a)(ii) The 1920 Congress session was held at Nagpur (December 1920; Calcutta in September 1920 for the special session). Write 'Nagpur' (or Calcutta/Kolkata) near the matching letter.

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3. (b) Salal Dam is on the river Chenab in Jammu and Kashmir. Mark it with a dam symbol and label it.

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4. Kalpakkam Nuclear Power Plant is on the Tamil Nadu coast, south of Chennai. Mark with a nuclear symbol.

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5. Bengaluru (Karnataka) has a Software Technology Park, and Mormugao (Goa) is a major sea port on the west coast. Any three of the four items, correctly located and labelled, earn the marks.

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Answer: (a) Dandi; Nagpur (or Calcutta). (b) Salal – J&K; Kalpakkam – Tamil Nadu; Bengaluru – Karnataka; Mormugao – Goa (any three).