CBSE Class 10 Social Science: 2024 board paper, set 32/1/1

1. Giuseppe Garibaldi was an Italian revolutionary who led the Red Shirts and helped unify Italy in 1860. Hence the answer is Italy, option (B).

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Answer: Italy, option (B)

1. After 1871 the Balkans were the most explosive nationalist problem in Europe, so (A) is true.

2. Much of the Balkans was under the Ottoman Empire, whose weakening set off rivalries among Slavic nationalities and the big powers. So (R) is true and explains (A): option (A).

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Answer: Option (A)

1. Defeat of Napoleon (1815), Treaty of Constantinople (1832), Unification of Italy (1861), Unification of Germany (1871). Order: II, I, IV, III?

2. Note Italy was unified in 1861 and Germany in 1871, so the true order is II, I, III, IV. This is not offered; the scheme only says marks are given if the question is attempted, so the question is treated as flawed.

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Answer: Marks are awarded for attempting. The nearest option is (C) II, I, IV, III, but the true order is II, I, III, IV.

1. Jawaharlal Nehru worked with the peasants of Awadh and was associated with the Oudh Kisan Sabha, so (D) is correct.

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2. The others are wrong: Patel led the Bardoli Satyagraha, C.R. Das founded the Swaraj Party, and Bhagat Singh was in the HSRA.

Answer: Option (D)

1. Limestone is a non-metallic mineral, so (C) is correct. Natural gas is an energy mineral, nickel is a ferrous mineral, and cobalt is also ferrous.

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Answer: Option (C)

1. Rabi crops are sown in winter (October-December) and harvested in April-June; wheat is grown in Punjab, Haryana and UP. So I, II, IV are correct. Maize, cotton and jute are kharif crops, so III is wrong.

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Answer: Option (C) I, II and IV

1. Laterite soil forms in high temperature and heavy rain with intense leaching, and is low in humus. Option (C).

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Answer: Laterite soil, option (C)

1. Feminists are people who believe in and advocate equal rights and opportunities for women and men. Option (D).

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Answer: Feminists, option (D)

1. A state with no official religion and freedom to practise any faith is secular. Option (B).

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Answer: Secular, option (B)

1. Union list: Centre legislates for uniformity (I-B). State list: states alone legislate (II-A). Concurrent: both Centre and states (III-C). Residuary: Centre legislates on new subjects (IV-D). Option (D).

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Answer: Option (D) I-B, II-A, III-C, IV-D

1. Belgium created a separate Brussels government in which Dutch and French speakers have equal representation, to accommodate linguistic groups. Option (D).

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Answer: Ensuring linguistic accommodation, option (D)

1. The United Kingdom has a two-party system (Conservative and Labour). China has one party and India has multiple parties. Option (B).

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Answer: United Kingdom, option (B)

1. Checks and balances separate powers among the legislature, executive and judiciary so that none becomes absolute, preventing authoritarianism. Option (B).

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Answer: Option (B)

1. Total = 50,000 + 40,000 + 20,000 + 20,000 = Rs 1,30,000. Average = 1,30,000 ÷ 4 = Rs 32,500. Option (C).

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Answer: Rs 32,500, option (C)

1. The World Bank classifies countries by per capita income (average income), so this is the index it prioritises. Option (D).

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Answer: Per capita income, option (D)

1. Removing government-imposed barriers and restrictions on trade and business is liberalisation. Option (C).

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Answer: Liberalisation, option (C)

1. A teacher in a government school has a regular job with fixed terms and benefits, so this is the organised sector. The others are unorganised. Option (D).

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Answer: Option (D)

1. A prosperous farmer wants higher support prices for crops and an assured high family income. Better wages and more days of work are goals of landless labourers. Option (C).

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Answer: Option (C) II and III

1. Collateral is an asset the lender can sell if the loan is not repaid, so it reduces the risk of default. Option (D).

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Answer: To mitigate the risk of loan default, option (D)

1. The bank charges a higher interest from borrowers than it pays to depositors. The difference in interest amounts is its income. Option (B).

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Answer: Option (B)

1. The Silk Routes were a network of land and sea routes linking Asia with Europe and northern Africa. They existed before the Christian Era and thrived till about the fifteenth century. They show vibrant pre-modern trade.

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2. Goods and cultures travelled along them. Chinese silk and pottery went west, and textiles and spices from India and Southeast Asia travelled the same routes. Gold and silver flowed from Europe in return. Along with these goods, ideas, religions and art spread, e.g. Buddhism spread from India to Asia, which shows the cultural links.

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Answer: The Silk Routes carried silk, pottery, textiles, spices and precious metals, and also spread religions and ideas, linking distant regions.

1. Excessive felling of forest trees should be banned by the government, and afforestation should be done by planting trees in place of those cut down.

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2. Laws protecting forests should be strictly enforced, and communities should be made aware of conservation. Recycling paper products such as old newspapers and notebooks also reduces the demand for wood.

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Answer: Stop excessive tree felling and plant more trees; enforce forest laws and spread awareness among communities.

1. Wildlife habitats should be protected by protecting forests, and the natural habitat areas should be clearly marked out. National parks, sanctuaries and biosphere reserves should be set up.

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2. Strict laws should be enforced against hunting and poaching. Wildlife should also be protected from pollution and natural hazards, and Joint Forest Management programmes should be encouraged.

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Answer: Protect habitats and set up national parks, sanctuaries and reserves; enforce laws against poaching and protect wildlife from pollution.

1. Power sharing reduces the possibility of conflict between social groups. It controls social conflict, violence and political instability, so it ensures a stable political order.

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2. It is the very spirit of democracy. In a legitimate government citizens take part and acquire a stake in the system, and power sharing helps to unite the nation.

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Answer: Power sharing is desirable because it reduces conflict, ensures stability of political order and upholds the spirit of democracy.

1. Ownership: in the public sector the government owns most of the assets and provides the services. In the private sector the assets are owned by individuals or companies.

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2. Motive: the public sector is guided by the welfare of society, e.g. Railways or the Post Office. The private sector is guided by the motive to earn profit, e.g. Tata Steel or Reliance Industries.

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Answer: Public sector: government-owned and welfare-oriented (Railways). Private sector: privately owned and profit-oriented (Tata Steel).

1. The Rowlatt Act (1919) allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. It angered Indians and led Gandhiji to call a satyagraha against it. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre followed, in which General Dyer fired on a peaceful gathering, and this inflamed the nation.

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2. The Khilafat issue: Muslims were upset by the harsh treatment of the Ottoman Turkey Caliph after the First World War. Gandhiji saw a chance to unite Hindus and Muslims in a broader national movement.

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3. The Government of India Act 1919 gave inadequate reforms. The people's demand for Swaraj and the Congress sessions of 1920 (Calcutta and Nagpur) adopted non-cooperation.

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Answer: Rowlatt Act and Jallianwala Bagh, the Khilafat issue, and inadequate reforms with the demand for Swaraj.

1. The Simon Commission (1928) had no Indian member. Indians protested with the slogan 'Go Back Simon', and Lala Lajpat Rai died after being lathi-charged during the protest. This enraged the nation.

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2. Lord Irwin's vague offer of dominion status did not satisfy the Congress. The Lahore Session of 1929 under Nehru demanded Poorna Swaraj (complete independence).

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3. Gandhiji's Eleven Demands, including abolition of the salt tax, were ignored. The salt law was seen as oppressive, which made him begin the Dandi March in 1930.

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Answer: Simon Commission and the lathi-charge, the vague dominion offer and Poorna Swaraj demand, and neglect of Gandhi's demands including the salt tax.

1. Manufacturing helps in modernising agriculture and reduces the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing jobs in the secondary and tertiary sectors. Agro-industries raise farm productivity.

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2. Industrial development helps remove unemployment and poverty. Industries in tribal and backward areas reduce regional disparities.

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3. Export of manufactured goods expands trade and brings in foreign exchange. Raw materials are converted into finished goods of higher value. Hence industry is the backbone of development.

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Answer: Manufacturing modernises agriculture, creates jobs, removes poverty and regional disparity, and earns foreign exchange, so it is the backbone of economic development.

1. Parties contest elections and, by winning, they form the government and exercise political power.

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2. They put forward different policies and programmes from which voters choose, and they play a decisive role in making laws for the country.

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3. Parties that lose act as the opposition by criticising the government. They shape public opinion and give people access to government machinery and welfare schemes.

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Answer: Political parties contest elections and form government, offer policies, make laws, act as opposition, shape public opinion and link people to welfare schemes.

1. Credit supplies working capital and funds, so it helps to set up industries and start businesses. It also generates employment.

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2. In rural areas credit helps farmers buy seeds, fertilisers and pesticides and so develop agriculture. For example, Salim, a shoe manufacturer, took a loan to meet his production costs and earned profit.

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3. It increases income and improves the people's standard of living. However, credit has to be repaid, so it should be used productively.

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Answer: Credit finances production, business and farming, creates jobs and raises living standards, as Salim's loan for production shows.

1. Sustainable development protects people from pollution and ensures their health and quality of life. It conserves the environment, which is necessary for development to continue.

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2. Renewable resources such as solar and wind energy, groundwater and crops can sustain development. Even renewable resources may be overused, e.g. groundwater is overused if we draw more than rain replenishes.

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3. Non-renewable resources are a fixed stock and get exhausted with use. So resources must be conserved for future generations, and new discoveries will also get depleted in time.

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Answer: Sustainability protects the environment and health, ensures careful use of renewable and non-renewable resources, and preserves them for future generations.

1. In early nineteenth-century Europe, ideas of national unity were closely allied to liberalism. Since the French Revolution it stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges.

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2. Politically, liberalism stressed government by consent, and a constitution and representative government through Parliament.

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3. Economically, liberalism stood for freedom of markets and abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.

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4. It stressed the inviolability of private property.

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5. However, equality before the law did not mean universal suffrage. Voting rights were limited to property-owning men, and women and the non-propertied were excluded.

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Answer: Liberalism promoted end of autocracy, government by consent, constitution and parliament, free markets and private property, but not universal suffrage.

1. Before the eighteenth century Britain was not a nation-state. Its people were of different ethnic groups: English, Welsh, Scots and Irish, each with its own culture and political traditions.

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2. The English nation steadily grew in wealth, importance and power, and extended its influence over the other nations of the islands.

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3. The English Parliament seized power from the monarchy in 1688, and a nation-state with England at its centre was forged.

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4. The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland created the 'United Kingdom of Great Britain'. Ireland was later forcibly incorporated in 1801.

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5. England dominated in all spheres: the British Parliament was dominated by English members and Scottish and Irish cultures were suppressed. It was a long-drawn process, not a sudden revolution.

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Answer: The UK was formed gradually through English dominance, the 1688 Parliament's power and the 1707 Act of Union with Scotland.

1. Energy is needed for all activities such as cooking, lighting and running vehicles and machinery.

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2. Large-scale manufacturing, essential for economic development, needs energy.

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3. Small-scale industries also depend on energy for their development.

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4. Energy is required to modernise agriculture, e.g. pumps, tractors and threshers, and to increase production.

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5. Sources are conventional (firewood, dung cakes, coal, petroleum, natural gas, thermal electricity) and non-conventional (solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas). Both support development.

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Answer: Energy powers households, industries and agriculture, so it is a basic requirement for economic development.

1. Conventional sources are exhaustible, while non-conventional sources are renewable.

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2. Conventional sources, mostly fossil fuels, take millions of years to form. Non-conventional sources come from the sun, wind and earth and are readily available.

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3. Conventional sources are relatively cheap but often pollute air and water. Non-conventional sources are costly initially but cheaper with time, and cause less damage to the environment.

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4. Non-conventional sources are sustainable while conventional ones are not.

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5. Examples: conventional are coal, petroleum, natural gas and firewood. Non-conventional are solar, wind, tidal and hydel power.

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Answer: Conventional sources are exhaustible, polluting and unsustainable; non-conventional sources are renewable, cleaner and sustainable.

1. A democratic government promotes equality among citizens and enhances the dignity of the individual.

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2. It improves the quality of decision-making through consultation and discussion.

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3. It provides a method to resolve conflicts and accommodates social diversity.

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4. It allows room to correct mistakes, because it is accountable and transparent.

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5. It respects civil and human rights, and is answerable to its citizens, who can question and change it.

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Answer: Democracy is better because it ensures equality and dignity, better decisions, conflict resolution, accountability and correction of mistakes, and respect for rights.

1. Democracies try to produce harmonious social life and can better accommodate various social divisions.

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2. They usually develop a procedure to conduct competition, which reduces the chance of tensions becoming explosive or violent.

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3. They are better able to evolve mechanisms to handle and negotiate social differences, divisions and conflicts.

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4. Democracy is not simply rule by majority opinion. The majority works with the minority so that the government represents the general view.

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5. Democracy promotes dignity, freedom and equality of individuals, and provides a way to settle conflicts peacefully.

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Answer: Democracies accommodate diversity, offer peaceful procedures for competition and conflict, and make the majority work with the minority, which leads to harmony.

1. Globalisation means rapid integration and interconnection of countries through the movement of goods, services, investment and technology. Countries are increasingly linked and dependent on one another.

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2. Foreign investment: globalisation has encouraged MNCs to invest abroad, for example in India, where they set up factories and offices.

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3. MNCs set up production where markets are close and skilled and unskilled labour is available at low cost. They choose countries whose policies allow easy operation, so production in different countries gets linked.

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4. MNCs also set up production jointly with local companies, for example Cargill Foods buying Parakh Foods, or Ford Motors partnering Indian firms. This ties local and foreign producers together.

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5. Interdependence and exchange: countries exchange technology, and consumers get wider access to global products. Markets of different countries become integrated and cultures enrich one another.

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Answer: Globalisation integrates countries through foreign investment, MNC production networks, joint ventures, technology exchange and greater market access.

1. Rapid improvement in technology has been one major factor stimulating globalisation.

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2. Transport technology has improved greatly over the last fifty years, with containers, bigger ships and air cargo.

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3. This makes delivery of goods over long distances much faster and at lower cost. For example, perishable goods like flowers or fruits can be exported by air.

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4. Information and communication technology has developed even more remarkably. Telecommunications, computers and the Internet have been changing rapidly.

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5. Telegraph, telephones including mobile phones, and fax let people contact one another across the world. Services such as call centres and data entry are done from distant countries, so production and trade spread globally.

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Answer: Better transport lowered the cost and time of moving goods, and ICT (phones, computers, Internet) linked the world, which stimulated globalisation.

1. (i) Mercier compares himself to a man dying of thirst gulping fresh water, showing how eagerly he read. He did not notice the clock striking, and he read on by a pale light, so external distractions did not disturb him.

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2. (ii) He felt deeply engaged with the text, as though he were part of its creation. He was so closely connected to it that he absorbed its ideas as if he were the writer.

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3. (iii) Reading made him lose track of time: his lamp ran out of oil and he still read on.

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4. (iii) He says new ideas rushed into his brain and his intelligence adopted them, showing a receptive mind eager to take in new concepts.

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Answer: (i) Total absorption: he ignored time and distractions. (ii) He was so immersed in the text that he felt part of its creation. (iii) He lost track of time, and new ideas rushed in and were readily adopted by his intelligence.

1. (i) Any two items: portable radio/transistor, torch, spare batteries, first aid box, essential medicines/ORS, dry food, drinking water, matchboxes, candles.

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2. (ii) These items help survival and meet basic needs during a flood. Radio gives warnings, the torch and candles give light, and the medicines, food and water protect health when normal supplies are cut off.

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3. (iii) Move with family members and cattle to safe areas such as relief camps, evacuation centres or elevated ground where shelter can be taken.

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4. (iii) Turn off power and gas connections before leaving the house, to prevent electrocution, fire and other hazards. Also keep cash, valuables and documents in a safe place.

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Answer: (i) Portable radio and first aid box (or any two items); (ii) they ensure survival and basic needs in a flood; (iii) move to safe areas with family and cattle, and turn off power and gas.

1. (i) The roughly 36 lakh elected representatives in panchayats and municipalities show the vast scale of democracy in India. They let people take part directly in decisions, and many local problems are settled at the local level.

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2. (ii) Constitutional status has increased women's representation and voice in democracy, promoting inclusion and gender equality.

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3. (iii) It has deepened democracy in the country by empowering grassroots governance.

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4. (iii) It has increased women's participation in the democratic process and promoted inclusive decision-making, with local issues solved locally.

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Answer: (i) They let people take part directly and settle local issues. (ii) Women's representation and voice have increased. (iii) Democracy is deepened and women's participation is enhanced.

1. (i)(a) A is Dandi, in Gujarat. Gandhi broke the salt law here in 1930.

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2. (i)(b) B is Madras (Chennai), Tamil Nadu. The Congress session of 1927 was held here.

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3. (ii) Locate and label any three of the following. Hirakud Dam is on the Mahanadi in Odisha (near Sambalpur). Mumbai Software Technology Park is on the Maharashtra coast. Raja Sansi International Airport is at Amritsar in Punjab. Naraura Nuclear Power Plant is in western Uttar Pradesh (Bulandshahr district). Mark each with a suitable symbol and name.

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Answer: A = Dandi; B = Madras (Chennai); Hirakud Dam (Odisha), Mumbai STP (Maharashtra), Raja Sansi Airport (Punjab), Naraura NPP (Uttar Pradesh), any three marked