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CBSE Class 10 Social Science 2025 Question Paper (32/5/1)

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Social ScienceCBSE Class 10 · Board exam 2025 (session 2024-25)

CBSE Class 10 Social Science: 2025 board paper, set 32/5/1

The question paper set in the CBSE Class 10 board exam of 2025, as printed: 37 questions for 80 marks, in sections, with each OR choice shown as an alternative. Try each question first, then open our solution.

Every question here has our step-by-step solution, split into the steps that earn marks. Each one was checked by an independent re-solve from the question paper.

Source: official question paper from cbse.gov.in: https://www.cbse.gov.in/cbsenew/question-paper/2025/X/087_Social_Science.zip (a zip; this paper is the file 32-5-1_Social Science.pdf). Questions are transcribed from that PDF; figures are described in words, so check the official paper for them. Questions printed only for visually impaired candidates are left out (2).

Practise a paper like this, timedMy board paper sets a full paper in this exact format from real board questions, with a timer.Get your written answers markedThe Answer Coach marks a photo of your handwritten answer step by step, like the examiner.

How the paper is set

SectionQuestionsWhat it has
A1-20Multiple Choice Questions; 1-18 MCQ, 19 MCQ, 20 statement-based (Statement I and II)
B21-24Very Short Answer (max 40 words); Q21 has internal choice
C25-29Short Answer (max 60 words); Q25 has internal choice
D30-33Long Answer (max 120 words); Q30, 31, 32, 33 each have internal choice
E34-36Case/Source-based with three sub-questions each
F37Map Skill based: 37(a) History (2 marks), 37(b) Geography (3 marks)

Instructions in brief: All questions are compulsory. Internal choice (OR) in Q21, 25, 30, 31, 32, 33. Separate questions for Visually Impaired candidates in lieu of Q17 and Q37 (to be attempted by VI candidates only).

Section A

Multiple Choice Questions; 1-18 MCQ, 19 MCQ, 20 statement-based (Statement I and II)

  1. Q1 · 1 mark · MCQThe Rise of Nationalism in Europe

    Read the following facts related to 'Napoleonic Code' carefully and choose the correct option:

    I. Abolition of privileges based on birth.
    II. Establishing equality before the law.
    III. Securing property rights.
    IV. Imposing manorial dues on the peasants.

    1. (A)only I, II and III are correct.
    2. (B)only II, III and IV are correct.
    3. (C)only I, II and IV are correct.
    4. (D)only I, III and IV are correct.
    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. The Napoleonic Code (1804) abolished birth-based privileges, established equality before the law and secured property rights.

      1 mark

    2. It removed feudal system and manorial dues, so statement IV is wrong. Hence only I, II and III are correct: option (A).

    Answer: (A) Only I, II and III are correct.

    Where the marks are

    • Identifies I, II, III as correct and IV as wrong (1 mark)

    Open Q1 on its own page

  2. Q2 · 1 mark · MCQThe Making of a Global World

    For which of the following markets were cotton and sugar primarily exported from America in the 18th Century?

    1. (A)For American Market
    2. (B)For European Market
    3. (C)For Asian Market
    4. (D)For Australian Market
    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Cotton and sugar from American plantations were exported mainly to Europe, to feed its growing demand, so the answer is (B).

      1 mark

    Answer: (B) For European Market

    Where the marks are

    • Correct option: European market (1 mark)

  3. Q3 · 1 mark · MCQThe Making of a Global World

    In the early years of the 19th century the production of which of the following food items brought about a fundamental change in the lives of poor people in Europe?

    1. (A)Tomato
    2. (B)Potato
    3. (C)Soya
    4. (D)Groundnut
    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Potato became the staple food of poor Europeans in the early 19th century, improving their diet and life, but dependence on it caused famine when blight struck. Option (B).

      1 mark

    Answer: (B) Potato

    Where the marks are

    • Correct option: Potato (1 mark)

  4. Q4 · 1 mark · MCQPrint Culture and the Modern World

    Identify the appropriate reason for the slow growth of the English Language Press during the 18th century from the following options:

    1. (A)Restriction of British government on the regional press
    2. (B)English Press worked on commercial perspectives
    3. (C)Increase in the demand for the regional press in the market
    4. (D)Reason and rationality were not prominent in press
    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. The regional-language press was in greater demand in the market, so the English press grew slowly. Option (C).

      1 mark

    Answer: (C) Increase in the demand for the regional press in the market.

    Where the marks are

    • Correct option (C) (1 mark)

  5. Q5 · 1 mark · MCQCompetency-basedMinerals and Energy Resources

    Study the given table and answer the question that follows:

    CRUDE OIL RESERVES

    Region/CountryReserves (2017) (Thousand Million Barrels)Number of Years Reserves will last
    Middle East80870
    United States of America5010.5
    World Average169750.2

    Read the following possible outcomes from the table and choose the correct option:

    I. If crude oil continues to be extracted at the present pace, it would be exhausted in about 50 years.
    II. In Middle Eastern Countries it may take longer than average of the world.
    III. To ensure the availability of crude oil in future, its reuse and recycle policy should be adopted.
    IV. In United States of America, Crude oil is likely to run out in just about 10 years.

    1. (A)Only I, III and IV are correct.
    2. (B)Only I, II and III are correct.
    3. (C)Only II, III and IV are correct.
    4. (D)Only I, II and IV are correct.
    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. I: the world average is 50.2 years, so it is correct. II: the Middle East has 70 years, longer than average, so it is correct. IV: the USA has 10.5 years, so it is correct.

      1 mark

    2. III is not an outcome the table shows. So only I, II and IV are correct: (D).

    Answer: (D) Only I, II and IV are correct.

    Where the marks are

    • Checks statements against the table and selects I, II, IV (1 mark)

    Open Q5 on its own page

  6. Q6 · 1 mark · MCQForest and Wildlife Resources

    Choose the correctly matched pair:

    1. (A)Corbett National Park – Himachal Pradesh
    2. (B)Sunderban National Park – Kerala
    3. (C)Bandhavgarh National Park – Rajasthan
    4. (D)Manas Tiger Reserve – Assam
    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Manas Tiger Reserve is in Assam. Corbett is in Uttarakhand, Sunderban in West Bengal, Bandhavgarh in Madhya Pradesh. Option (D).

      1 mark

    Answer: (D) Manas Tiger Reserve – Assam

    Where the marks are

    • Correct pair (D) (1 mark)

  7. Q7 · 1 mark · MCQWater Resources

    Choose the correct option to fill the blank.

    An artificial lake built in the 11th century for water conservation is ________.

    1. (A)Sambhar Lake
    2. (B)Wular Lake
    3. (C)Bhopal Lake
    4. (D)Chilka Lake
    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Bhopal Lake was built in the 11th century by the Paramara king Raja Bhoj, as an artificial lake. Option (C).

      1 mark

    Answer: (C) Bhopal Lake

    Where the marks are

    • Correct option (C) (1 mark)

  8. Q8 · 1 mark · MCQWater Resources

    Match Column-I with Column-II and choose the correct option:

    Column-I (Dam)Column-II (River)
    a. Sardar Sarovari. Mahanadi
    b. Salalii. Chambal
    c. Gandhi Sagariii. Narmada
    d. Hirakudiv. Chenab
    1. (A)a-ii b-i c-iv d-iii
    2. (B)a-iii b-iv c-i d-ii
    3. (C)a-iii b-iv c-ii d-i
    4. (D)a-i b-iii c-iv d-ii
    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Sardar Sarovar–Narmada, Salal–Chenab, Gandhi Sagar–Chambal, Hirakud–Mahanadi: a-iii, b-iv, c-ii, d-i, option (C).

      1 mark

    Answer: (C) a-iii b-iv c-ii d-i

    Where the marks are

    • Correct matching (1 mark)

  9. Q9 · 1 mark · MCQAgriculture

    With the help of following information identify the agricultural crop from the given options:

    I. It requires more than 200 cm. rainfall and temperature above 25 °C.
    II. It is mainly used as raw material in industries.
    III. It is primarily a crop of the equatorial region.

    1. (A)Cotton
    2. (B)Rubber
    3. (C)Groundnut
    4. (D)Mustard
    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Rubber needs over 200 cm rainfall and temperature above 25°C, is an equatorial crop and an industrial raw material. Option (B).

      1 mark

    Answer: (B) Rubber

    Where the marks are

    • Identifies rubber (1 mark)

  10. Q10 · 1 mark · Assertion-reasonCompetency-basedMinerals and Energy Resources

    Two statements are given below. They are Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read both the statements and choose the correct option.

    Assertion (A): Certain minerals may occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors and the base of hills.

    Reason (R): These are usually minerals, that are not corroded by water.

    1. (A)Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
    2. (B)Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
    3. (C)(A) is true but (R) is false.
    4. (D)(A) is false but (R) is true.
    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Alluvial (placer) deposits form in valley floors and hill bases because they are minerals not corroded by water, e.g. gold, silver, tin, platinum. So both are true and R explains A: (A).

      1 mark

    Answer: (A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

    Where the marks are

    • Both true and R explains A (1 mark)

  11. Q11 · 1 mark · MCQMinerals and Energy Resources

    Match Column-I with Column-II and choose the correct option:

    Column-I (Atomic Power Plants)Column-II (State)
    a. Kakraparai. Rajasthan
    b. Rawat Bhataii. Karnataka
    c. Kaigaiii. Maharashtra
    d. Tarapuriv. Gujarat
    1. (A)a-i b-ii c-iii d-iv
    2. (B)a-ii b-iii c-iv d-i
    3. (C)a-iv b-i c-ii d-iii
    4. (D)a-iv b-i c-iii d-ii
    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Kakrapara–Gujarat, Rawat Bhata–Rajasthan, Kaiga–Karnataka, Tarapur–Maharashtra: a-iv, b-i, c-ii, d-iii, option (C).

      1 mark

    Answer: (C) a-iv b-i c-ii d-iii

    Where the marks are

    • Correct matching (1 mark)

  12. Q12 · 1 mark · MCQFederalism

    Choose the correct option to fill the blank.

    The Belgian leaders took a different path than Sri Lanka. They recognised the existence of regional differences and ________.

    1. (A)Religious diversities
    2. (B)Historical diversities
    3. (C)Cultural diversities
    4. (D)Administrative diversities
    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Belgian leaders recognised regional differences and cultural diversities, and shared power accordingly. Option (C).

      1 mark

    Answer: (C) Cultural diversities

    Where the marks are

    • Correct option (C) (1 mark)

  13. Q13 · 1 mark · MCQFederalism

    Choose the correct option related to concurrent list of the Indian Constitution.

    1. (A)Marriage, Currency, Commerce
    2. (B)Defence, Banking, Education
    3. (C)Agriculture, Trade, Irrigation
    4. (D)Education, Forest, Marriage
    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. The Concurrent List includes education, forests, marriage, trade unions and similar subjects. Defence, banking and currency are Union subjects, and agriculture and irrigation are State subjects. Option (D).

      1 mark

    Answer: (D) Education, Forest and Marriage

    Where the marks are

    • Correct option (D) (1 mark)

  14. Q14 · 1 mark · MCQPolitical Parties

    Which of the following statements are correct related to the role of political parties in India?

    I. Play a decisive role in making laws for the country.
    II. Making different interest groups in the country.
    III. Play a role for shaping public opinion in the country.
    IV. Pulling forward different policies and programmes before voters.

    1. (A)Only I, II and III are correct.
    2. (B)Only I, III and IV are correct.
    3. (C)Only II, III and IV are correct.
    4. (D)Only I, II and IV are correct.
    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Parties make laws through legislatures, shape public opinion and put forward policies and programmes. They do not create interest groups, so II is wrong. Option (B).

      1 mark

    Answer: (B) Only I, III and IV are correct.

    Where the marks are

    • Selects I, III, IV (1 mark)

  15. Q15 · 1 mark · MCQDevelopment

    Which one of the following countries has a high 'Human Development Index' score?

    1. (A)Pakistan
    2. (B)Myanmar
    3. (C)India
    4. (D)Nepal
    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Following the scheme, India is the key. Note: in the NCERT comparison India ranks above Pakistan, Myanmar and Nepal.

      1 mark

    Answer: (C) India

    Where the marks are

    • Correct option (C) (1 mark)

  16. Q16 · 1 mark · MCQCompetency-basedSectors of the Indian Economy

    Rakhi has done an economic survey of her area. The survey has revealed that people earn their livelihood by doing different jobs. The table prepared by Rakhi for this is given below. Study the table carefully and answer the question that follow:

    S.N.WorkNo. of People
    1.Farmer working his fields250
    2.Teachers teaching in school10
    3.Handloom weavers in his/her house70
    4.Workers working in big factories140
    5.Employees working at a hospital in the area60
    Total530

    How many people are working in the unorganised sector?

    1. (A)380
    2. (B)210
    3. (C)320
    4. (D)140
    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Unorganised: farmers (250) + handloom weavers (70) = 320. Teachers, factory workers and hospital employees are in the organised sector.

      1 mark

    Answer: (C) 320

    Where the marks are

    • 250 + 70 = 320 (1 mark)

  17. Q17 · 1 mark · MCQCompetency-basedSectors of the Indian Economy

    Look at the given picture and answer the question that follows:

    1. (A)Primary
    2. (B)Secondary
    3. (C)Tertiary
    4. (D)Quaternary

    Figure in the paper: Photograph of three large trucks/containers with open rear doors, from which cars are being unloaded or transported on ramps, with workers standing near them and a building in the background. Caption at the bottom right reads: 'Cars made by Indian workers being transported to be sold abroad by MNCs.' The question asks which sector of the economy the work shown falls in. See it in the official paper.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Transporting and selling cars is a service activity, so it is tertiary, option (C).

      1 mark

    Answer: (C) Tertiary

    Where the marks are

    • Identifies tertiary sector (1 mark)

  18. Q18 · 1 mark · MCQCompetency-basedMoney and Credit

    Shyamal is a small farmer. Shyamal has got his 'Kisan Card' made. He needs a loan to grow new crops. Which of the following means will be easy and beneficial for this?

    1. (A)Cooperative Bank
    2. (B)Agricultural Traders
    3. (C)Relatives
    4. (D)Friends
    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. A cooperative bank is a formal source offering loans against a Kisan Card at low interest, whereas traders, relatives and friends are informal. Option (A).

      1 mark

    Answer: (A) Cooperative Bank

    Where the marks are

    • Chooses cooperative bank (1 mark)

  19. Q19 · 1 mark · MCQMoney and Credit

    The problem of 'Double Coincidence of Wants' can be solved by which of the following?

    1. (A)By increasing the circulation of currency
    2. (B)By expanding the scope of markets
    3. (C)By creating awareness amongst people
    4. (D)By registering the buyer and seller
    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Money acts as a medium of exchange and removes the need for a double coincidence of wants, so wider circulation of currency solves it. Option (A), per the scheme.

      1 mark

    Answer: (A) By increasing the circulation of currency

    Where the marks are

    • Correct option (A) (1 mark)

  20. Q20 · 1 mark · Assertion-reasonCompetency-basedGlobalisation and the Indian Economy

    Two Statements-I and II are given below. Read both the statements and choose the correct option.

    Statement-I: In recent times technology in the areas of computer and internet has been changing rapidly.

    Statement-II: Internet allows us to send instant electronic mail (e-mail) and talk (voice-mail) across the world at negligible costs.

    1. (A)Only I is false but II is true.
    2. (B)Only I is true but II is false.
    3. (C)Both I and II are true but II is not the correct explanation of I.
    4. (D)Both I and II are true and II is the correct explanation of I.
    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Both statements are true. The internet's instant, cheap email and voice communication is the result of rapid technological change in computers and the internet, so II explains I. Option (D).

      1 mark

    Answer: (D) Both I and II are true and II is the correct explanation of I.

    Where the marks are

    • Both true, II explains I (1 mark)

Section B

Very Short Answer (max 40 words); Q21 has internal choice

  1. Answer one of these 2 alternatives.

    Q21(a) · 2 marks · Very short answerNationalism in India

    How did 'salt' become a powerful weapon to unite the country in the 'Civil Disobedience Movement'? Explain any two causes.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Salt was consumed by every Indian, rich and poor alike, and was an essential item of food, so a protest against the salt law touched every household and united all sections.

      1 mark

    2. The tax on salt and the government monopoly over its production showed the most oppressive face of British rule. Gandhiji's breaking of the salt law (Dandi March) therefore began the Civil Disobedience Movement and made it a symbol of resistance to colonial rule.

      1 mark

    Answer: Salt was used by all and was essential. The salt tax and monopoly symbolised British oppression, so breaking the salt law united the country.

    Where the marks are

    • Explains one cause, e.g. salt was consumed by rich and poor alike or was an essential food item (1 mark)
    • Explains a second cause, e.g. the salt tax and monopoly were oppressive, or the movement began with breaking the salt law (1 mark)

    Open Q21(a) on its own page

    OR

    Q21(b) · 2 marks · Very short answerNationalism in India

    How did the colonial government suppress the 'Civil Disobedience Movement'? Explain.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. The government arrested Congress leaders one by one. Abdul Ghaffar Khan was arrested in April 1930, and a month later Gandhiji himself was arrested. This led to violent clashes in many places.

      1 mark

    2. It followed a policy of brutal repression. Peaceful satyagrahis, including women and children, were beaten and many were arrested. In Peshawar, crowds faced armoured cars and police firing, and many were killed.

      1 mark

    Answer: The government arrested leaders (Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Gandhiji) and brutally repressed satyagrahis, including with police firing.

    Where the marks are

    • Explains one method of suppression, e.g. arrests of leaders (1 mark)
    • Explains a second method, e.g. brutal repression, police firing or attacks on satyagrahis (1 mark)

    Open Q21(b) on its own page

  2. Q22 · 2 marks · Very short answerResources and Development

    Describe any two ways to solve the problem of land degradation.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Afforestation and proper management of grazing, together with control of overgrazing, protect the soil cover and check degradation.

      1 mark

    2. Planting shelter belts and stabilising sand dunes by growing thorny bushes check land degradation in arid areas. Treating industrial effluents before disposal reduces land and water degradation in industrial areas.

      1 mark

    Answer: Afforestation with controlled grazing; shelter belts and dune stabilisation; treatment of industrial waste before disposal.

    Where the marks are

    • Describes one valid method (1 mark)
    • Describes a second valid method (1 mark)

    Open Q22 on its own page

  3. Q23 · 2 marks · Very short answerGender, Religion and Caste

    Suggest any two measures to increase the representation of women in the legislatures of India.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Ensure a fair proportion of women in elected bodies by effectively implementing laws such as the Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam, 2023 (Women's Reservation Act).

      1 mark

    2. Increase education, skill development and political awareness among women so that more of them come forward as candidates and voters.

      1 mark

    Answer: Implement the women's reservation law effectively; improve women's education and political awareness.

    Where the marks are

    • Suggests one measure, e.g. reservation (1 mark)
    • Suggests a second measure, e.g. education and political awareness (1 mark)

    Open Q23 on its own page

  4. Q24 · 2 marks · Very short answerGlobalisation and the Indian Economy

    How did liberalization promote the process of globalization in India? Explain.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Liberalisation removed barriers on foreign trade and foreign investment to a large extent, so goods could be imported and exported easily and businesses could decide freely what to import or export.

      1 mark

    2. Foreign companies could set up factories and offices in India, helped by Special Economic Zones. MNCs increased their investment, which linked India more closely with the world economy.

      1 mark

    Answer: Removal of trade and investment barriers allowed easy trade and entry of MNCs, integrating India with the global economy.

    Where the marks are

    • Explains removal of barriers on trade or investment (1 mark)
    • Explains entry of foreign companies, SEZs or MNC investment (1 mark)

    Open Q24 on its own page

Section C

Short Answer (max 60 words); Q25 has internal choice

  1. Answer one of these 2 alternatives.

    Q25(a) · 3 marks · Short answerNationalism in India

    Analyse three main impacts of Non-Cooperation Movement on the economic front.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Foreign goods were boycotted and foreign cloth was burnt in huge bonfires. Liquor shops were picketed.

      1 mark

    2. The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921 and 1922. Merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade.

      1 mark

    3. As a result, the production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.

      1 mark

    Answer: Boycott and burning of foreign goods, halving of cloth imports, and a rise in Indian textile and handloom production.

    Where the marks are

    • Boycott of foreign goods and picketing of liquor shops (1 mark)
    • Import of foreign cloth halved, traders refused to trade (1 mark)
    • Indian mills and handlooms production rose (1 mark)

    Open Q25(a) on its own page

    OR

    Q25(b) · 3 marks · Short answerNationalism in India

    Why did the Non-Cooperation Movement start slowing down in the cities? Analyse three causes.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Khadi cloth was often more expensive than mass-produced mill cloth, so poor people could not afford it and could not boycott mill cloth.

      1 mark

    2. Boycott of British institutions needed alternative Indian institutions, but these were slow to come up.

      1 mark

    3. As a result, students and teachers trickled back to government schools and lawyers rejoined government courts.

      1 mark

    Answer: Expensive khadi, slow growth of alternative Indian institutions, and the return of students, teachers and lawyers to British institutions.

    Where the marks are

    • Khadi was costlier than mill cloth (1 mark)
    • Alternative institutions were slow to develop (1 mark)
    • Students, teachers and lawyers returned to government institutions (1 mark)

    Open Q25(b) on its own page

  2. Q26 · 3 marks · Short answerMoney and Credit

    Distinguish between formal and informal sources of credit in India with example.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Supervision: The RBI supervises formal sources, whereas no one supervises informal sources.

      1 mark

    2. Collateral and cost: Formal sources require collateral and charge a low cost of borrowing. Informal sources need no collateral but charge a high rate of interest, and they may use unfair means to recover their money.

      1 mark

    3. Examples: Formal sources are banks and cooperatives. Informal sources are moneylenders, relatives, friends and traders.

      1 mark

    Answer: Formal credit is supervised by the RBI, needs collateral and is cheap (banks, cooperatives). Informal credit is unsupervised, needs no collateral and is costly (moneylenders, relatives).

    Where the marks are

    • Distinction on supervision (1 mark)
    • Distinction on collateral or cost of borrowing (1 mark)
    • Examples of both types (1 mark)

    Open Q26 on its own page

  3. Q27 · 3 marks · Short answerSectors of the Indian Economy

    Suggest any three measures to increase employment opportunities in urban areas in India.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Improve the education and healthcare sectors, which create jobs for teachers, doctors and support staff.

      1 mark

    2. Promote regional craft industries and tourism, which employ many people locally.

      1 mark

    3. Focus on sectors like IT and develop infrastructure such as roads, highways and buildings, with proper planning and government support.

      1 mark

    Answer: Expand education and healthcare, promote crafts and tourism, and develop IT and infrastructure.

    Where the marks are

    • First valid measure (1 mark)
    • Second valid measure (1 mark)
    • Third valid measure (1 mark)

    Open Q27 on its own page

  4. Q28 · 3 marks · Short answerPower-sharing

    Evaluate the system of 'Checks and Balances' in the horizontal distribution of power in India.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. In horizontal power sharing, the legislature, executive and judiciary are placed at the same level and exercise different powers, so no organ can exercise unlimited power.

      1 mark

    2. Each organ checks the others, which produces a balance of power. Ministers and officials exercise power but are answerable to Parliament or the State Assemblies.

      1 mark

    3. Judges are appointed by the executive, yet they can check the executive and the laws made by the legislature. This arrangement is called checks and balances.

      1 mark

    Answer: Checks and balances prevent concentration of power as each organ restrains the others and maintains balance.

    Where the marks are

    • Separation of powers among three organs at the same level (1 mark)
    • Each organ checks the others, giving a balance (1 mark)
    • Judiciary's check over the executive and legislature, or the executive's accountability (1 mark)

    Open Q28 on its own page

  5. Q29 · 3 marks · Short answerPolitical Parties

    Explain three major challenges before Political Parties in India.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Lack of internal democracy: power is concentrated in one or a few leaders. Parties do not keep membership registers, hold organisational meetings or conduct regular internal elections.

      1 mark

    2. Dynastic succession: top posts often go to family members, and procedures are not open and transparent.

      1 mark

    3. Growing role of money and muscle power: parties nominate candidates who can raise money, rich donors influence policy, and some parties support criminals who can win elections.

      1 mark

    Answer: Lack of internal democracy, dynastic succession, and money and muscle power.

    Where the marks are

    • Lack of internal democracy explained (1 mark)
    • Dynastic succession explained (1 mark)
    • Money and muscle power explained (1 mark)

    Open Q29 on its own page

Section D

Long Answer (max 120 words); Q30, 31, 32, 33 each have internal choice

  1. Answer one of these 2 alternatives.

    Q30(a) · 5 marks · Long answerThe Rise of Nationalism in Europe

    "The political and constitutional changes that came in the wake of the French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from monarchy to a body of French Citizens." Explain the statement.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. The Revolution proclaimed that the people would constitute the nation and shape its destiny. The Estates General was elected by active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.

      1 mark

    2. The ideas of 'la patrie' (fatherland) and 'le citoyen' (citizen) stressed a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.

      1 mark

    3. A new tricolour flag replaced the royal standard. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated in the name of the nation.

      1 mark

    4. A centralised administration made uniform laws. Internal customs duties were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.

      1 mark

    5. Regional dialects were discouraged and Parisian French became the common national language. The revolutionaries declared it the nation's mission to liberate the peoples of Europe from despotism.

      1 mark

    Answer: Sovereignty passed from the monarch to the citizens through the National Assembly, new national symbols, uniform laws and a common language.

    Where the marks are

    • People as the nation and National Assembly (1 mark)
    • La patrie and le citoyen, equal rights (1 mark)
    • Tricolour, hymns, oaths (1 mark)
    • Centralised administration, uniform laws, weights and measures (1 mark)
    • Common French language and mission to liberate Europe (1 mark)

    Open Q30(a) on its own page

    OR

    Q30(b) · 5 marks · Long answerThe Age of Industrialisation

    "During 19th century, in the economic sphere, liberalisation stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital". Explain the statement.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Napoleon's administrative measures had created a confederation of 39 states out of countless small principalities, each with its own currency, weights and measures.

      1 mark

    2. Duties were levied according to the weight or measurement of goods, and differing systems involved time-consuming calculation.

      1 mark

    3. The new commercial classes saw these as obstacles to economic exchange and growth. They demanded a unified economic territory allowing unhindered movement of goods, people and capital.

      1 mark

    4. In 1834 Prussia took the initiative to form a customs union, the zollverein, which most German states joined. It abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two.

      1 mark

    5. The railway network stimulated mobility and tied economic interests to national unification. A wave of economic nationalism strengthened nationalist sentiment.

      1 mark

    Answer: Liberalism in economics meant free markets and no state restrictions on goods and capital, shown by the zollverein, which abolished tariffs and cut currencies.

    Where the marks are

    • 39 states with different currencies and measures (1 mark)
    • Duties and complex calculations (1 mark)
    • Commercial classes demanded a unified economic territory (1 mark)
    • Zollverein of 1834, tariffs abolished, currencies reduced (1 mark)
    • Railways and economic nationalism (1 mark)

    Open Q30(b) on its own page

  2. Answer one of these 2 alternatives.

    Q31(a) · 5 marks · Long answerCompetency-basedManufacturing Industries

    Study the given flow chart and answer the question that follows:

    Explain the added value product in the textile industry on the bases of above flowchart.

    Figure in the paper: Flow chart with boxes in sequence: Fibre Production → Spinning → Weaving knitting → Dyeing and Finishing → Garment Manufacturing (arrow from Garment Manufacturing back to Dyeing and Finishing). Downward branches: from Fibre Production to Raw Fibre; from Spinning to Yarns; from Weaving knitting to Fabric; from Dyeing and Finishing to Garments (which also receives from Garment Manufacturing). See it in the official paper.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Fibre production: cotton is harvested and processed to remove seeds and impurities. The raw fibre obtained is the first stage of value addition.

      1 mark

    2. Spinning: raw fibre is spun into yarn, which makes it usable for weaving or knitting.

      1 mark

    3. Weaving or knitting: yarn is made into fabric, a more functional form suitable for further processing.

      1 mark

    4. Dyeing and finishing: the fabric is dyed, printed and finished, which improves its appearance, durability and texture and raises its market value.

      1 mark

    5. Garment manufacturing: fabric is cut and stitched into shirts, dresses or jeans ready for consumers. The industry also supports other industries such as chemicals and dyes.

      1 mark

    Answer: Value rises at each stage: raw fibre, then yarn, fabric, dyed and finished fabric, and finally garments.

    Where the marks are

    • Fibre production gives raw fibre (1 mark)
    • Spinning into yarn (1 mark)
    • Weaving or knitting into fabric (1 mark)
    • Dyeing and finishing raise value (1 mark)
    • Garment making and linkage with other industries (1 mark)

    Open Q31(a) on its own page

    OR

    Q31(b) · 5 marks · Long answerCompetency-basedManufacturing Industries

    Study the given flowchart and answer the question that follows:

    Explain the steel manufacturing process on the bases of the above flowchart.

    Figure in the paper: Flow chart in sequence: Transport of raw material to plant → Blast Furnace Melted → Pig Iron → Steel Making → Shaping Metal. See it in the official paper.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Raw materials such as iron ore, coal and limestone are transported to the steel plant, for example iron ore from Odisha or Jharkhand.

      1 mark

    2. They are fed into a blast furnace and melted at high temperature, with coke as fuel.

      1 mark

    3. The molten iron obtained is pig iron, which is high in carbon and is not yet steel.

      1 mark

    4. In the steel-making furnace, pig iron is refined to remove impurities and its composition is adjusted to give different grades of steel.

      1 mark

    5. The steel is shaped by rolling, forging or casting into sheets, rods or beams, used in construction and automobiles.

      1 mark

    Answer: Raw materials are transported, melted in the blast furnace into pig iron, refined into steel and then shaped.

    Where the marks are

    • Transport of raw materials to the plant (1 mark)
    • Melting in the blast furnace (1 mark)
    • Pig iron produced (1 mark)
    • Steel making by refining (1 mark)
    • Shaping of the metal and its uses (1 mark)

    Open Q31(b) on its own page

  3. Answer one of these 2 alternatives.

    Q32(a) · 5 marks · Long answerOutcomes of Democracy

    Evaluate the outcomes of democracy in the economic sector of the country.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Economic development depends on many factors such as population size, global situation, cooperation from other countries and the economic priorities adopted.

      1 mark

    2. Equality is a basic democratic principle, so democracies are expected to reduce economic inequalities. In practice, inequality often persists.

      1 mark

    3. Democracy encourages growth through reforms and policies, and promotes initiatives like Make in India and MGNREGA.

      1 mark

    4. Globalisation and liberalisation policies adopted by democracies have encouraged trade and progress.

      1 mark

    5. Democracy strengthens infrastructure and the digital economy, and supports loans, subsidies and agricultural growth.

      1 mark

    Answer: Democracy has encouraged economic growth and welfare schemes, but economic inequality persists, and growth also depends on other factors.

    Where the marks are

    • Factors affecting development (1 mark)
    • Expectation of reducing inequality (1 mark)
    • Growth through reforms and schemes such as Make in India and MGNREGA (1 mark)
    • Liberalisation and trade (1 mark)
    • Infrastructure, digital economy and agriculture support (1 mark)

    Open Q32(a) on its own page

    OR

    Q32(b) · 5 marks · Long answerOutcomes of Democracy

    Evaluate the outcomes of democracy in the social sector of the country.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Democracy leads to peaceful and harmonious life among citizens by negotiating social differences.

      1 mark

    2. It reduces the possibility of tension and produces a method to resolve conflicts peacefully.

      1 mark

    3. It can handle social divisions and conflicts, as in Belgium and other cases.

      1 mark

    4. The majority must work with the minority so that governments represent the general view.

      1 mark

    5. Elections ensure a government that represents diversity and is not majoritarian.

      1 mark

    Answer: Democracy accommodates social differences, resolves conflicts peacefully and ensures inclusive governance.

    Where the marks are

    • Peaceful and harmonious life (1 mark)
    • Negotiates differences and reduces tension (1 mark)
    • Method to resolve conflicts (1 mark)
    • Majority works with minority (1 mark)
    • Elections give representative, non-majoritarian government (1 mark)

    Open Q32(b) on its own page

  4. Answer one of these 2 alternatives.

    Q33(a) · 5 marks · Long answerDevelopment

    Analyse the social and economic goals of development.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Social goal 1: Development should give everyone access to quality education and skill development, so that people can improve their livelihoods and take part in public life.

      1 mark

    2. Social goal 2: Development should ensure affordable healthcare, women's empowerment through equal opportunity, dignity, equity and social justice, and harmony among communities in a diverse society.

      1 mark

    3. Economic goal 1: Raising per capita income and living standards through growth in all sectors (agriculture, industry, services) so that growth is balanced.

      1 mark

    4. Economic goal 2: Building infrastructure such as roads, power and ports, and promoting industrial growth. This creates jobs, encourages innovation and supports economic expansion.

      1 mark

    5. Economic goal 3: Modernising agriculture, promoting renewable energy and self-reliance through local manufacturing, expanding trade, and keeping growth sustainable with environmental responsibility.

      1 mark

    Answer: Social goals: education, health, empowerment, equity and harmony (any 2). Economic goals: higher per capita income, balanced sectoral growth, industry and infrastructure, modern agriculture and sustainability (any 3).

    Where the marks are

    • Two social goals analysed (2 marks)
    • Three economic goals analysed (3 marks)

    Open Q33(a) on its own page

    OR

    Q33(b) · 5 marks · Long answerDevelopment

    Why is the question of sustainability of development becoming challenging in the present times? Analyse the appropriate reasons.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Sustainable development means meeting present needs without compromising the needs of future generations.

      1 mark

    2. A growing population and rising demand for resources put pressure on the environment and make sustainability difficult.

      1 mark

    3. Environmental degradation does not respect national or state boundaries, so sustainability is a global issue that needs global cooperation.

      1 mark

    4. Changing lifestyles lead to overconsumption of resources, so public awareness and responsible consumption are needed. Industrialisation must be made sustainable through eco-friendly technology and government policy support.

      1 mark

    5. Dependence on fossil fuels, pollution, loss of forests and biodiversity, and water scarcity add to the challenge. Solutions include solar and wind power, strong environmental regulation, afforestation and water conservation.

      1 mark

    Answer: Sustainability is challenging because of population growth, rising resource demand, overconsumption, transboundary environmental damage, fossil fuel dependence and weak environmental practices.

    Where the marks are

    • Meaning of sustainable development (1 mark)
    • Population and resource demand (1 mark)
    • Global nature of the problem (1 mark)
    • Lifestyle and industrial causes (1 mark)
    • Energy, environment and water concerns (1 mark)

    Open Q33(b) on its own page

Section E

Case/Source-based with three sub-questions each

  1. Q34 · 4 marks · Case-basedCompetency-basedPrint Culture and the Modern World

    Read the given source and answer the questions that follow:

    Pages of Gutenberg's Bible, the first printed book in Europe.

    Gutenberg printed about 180 copies, of which no more than 50 have survived.

    Look at these pages of Gutenberg's Bible carefully. They were not just products of new technology. The text was printed in the new Gutenberg press with metal type, but the borders were carefully designed, painted and illuminated by hand by artists. No two copies were the same. Every page of each copy was different. Even when two copies look similar, a careful comparison will reveal differences. Elites everywhere preferred this lack of uniformity: what they possessed then could be claimed as unique, for no one else owned a copy that was exactly the same.

    In the text you will notice the use of colour within the letters in various places. This had two functions: it added colour to the page, and highlighted all the holy words to emphasise their significance. But the colour on every page of the text was added by hand. Gutenberg printed the text in black, leaving spaces where the colour could be filled in later.

    1. (34.1)

      Mention the contribution of Gutenberg in the field of printing.

      1 mark
    2. (34.2)

      How were the books borders painted and illuminated?

      1 mark
    3. (34.3)

      Describe any two benefits of colouring in the letters.

      2 marks
    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. (34.1) Johann Gutenberg developed the first mechanical printing press in the 1430s in Europe. This started the print revolution, the shift from hand printing to mechanical printing.

      1 mark

    2. (34.2) The borders were carefully designed, painted and illuminated by hand by artists, so no two copies were the same.

      1 mark

    3. (34.3) Benefit 1: The colour added brightness to the page and highlighted the holy words, which emphasised their significance.

      1 mark

    4. (34.3) Benefit 2: Gutenberg printed the text in black and left spaces for colour to be filled in by hand. This made every copy unique, which the elites preferred.

      1 mark

    Answer: (34.1) First mechanical printing press (1430s). (34.2) By hand, by artists. (34.3) Added colour and highlighted holy words; made each copy unique.

    Where the marks are

    • Gutenberg's contribution (1 mark)
    • Borders painted by hand by artists (1 mark)
    • Two benefits of colouring (2 marks)

    Open Q34 on its own page

  2. Q35 · 4 marks · Case-basedCompetency-basedAgriculture

    Read the given source and answer the questions that follow:

    Primitive Subsistence Farming

    It is a 'slash and burn' agriculture. Farmers clear a patch of land and produce cereals and other food crops to sustain their family. When the soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation. This type of shifting allows Nature to replenish the fertility of the soil through natural processes; land productivity in this type of agriculture is low as the farmer does not use fertilisers or other modern inputs. It is known by different names in different parts of the country.

    It is _jhumming_ in north-eastern states like Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland; Pamlou in Manipur, Dipa in Bastar district of Chhattisgarh, and in Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

    1. (35.1)

      'Slash and Burn' system of agriculture comes under which type of farming?

      1 mark
    2. (35.2)

      Why is productivity low in 'Slash and Burn' system?

      1 mark
    3. (35.3)

      Describe any two features of 'Slash and Burn' system of agriculture.

      2 marks
    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. (35.1) It comes under primitive subsistence farming.

      1 mark

    2. (35.2) Productivity is low because farmers use no fertilisers or other modern inputs, only traditional methods.

      1 mark

    3. (35.3) Feature 1: Farmers clear a small patch of land by slashing and burning, using primitive tools, and grow food crops for their family. It depends on the monsoon and natural soil fertility.

      1 mark

    4. (35.3) Feature 2: When fertility falls, farmers shift to a fresh patch, which lets nature restore the soil. It has different names, such as jhumming in the north-east, Pamlou in Manipur and Dipa in Bastar.

      1 mark

    Answer: (35.1) Primitive subsistence farming. (35.2) No fertilisers or modern inputs. (35.3) Small plots with primitive tools; shifting cultivation lets the soil recover.

    Where the marks are

    • Type of farming (1 mark)
    • Reason for low productivity (1 mark)
    • Two features (2 marks)

    Open Q35 on its own page

  3. Q36 · 4 marks · Case-basedCompetency-basedFederalism

    Read the given source and answer the questions that follow:

    State Reorganisation Commission

    "The report of the States Reorganisation Commission (SRC), was implemented on November 1, 1956. This, in its own time and own way, has also transformed the political and institutional life of the nation. ... Gandhi and other leaders promised their followers that when freedom came, the new nation would be based on a new set of provinces, these based on the principle of language. However, when India was finally free in 1947, it was also divided...

    Far from undermining Indian unity, linguistic states have helped strengthen it. It has proved to be perfectly consistent to be Kannadiga and Indian, Bengali and Indian, Tamil and Indian, Gujarati and Indian. To be sure, these states based on language sometimes quarrel with one another.

    1. (36.1)

      What promise did Gandhiji make to his followers?

      1 mark
    2. (36.2)

      How did language strengthen the unity of India?

      1 mark
    3. (36.3)

      Mention the names of major language of Kerala and Andhra Pradesh states.

      2 marks
    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. (36.1) Gandhiji promised that after freedom the new nation would be based on a new set of provinces formed on the principle of language.

      1 mark

    2. (36.2) Linguistic states strengthened unity because people could be both regional and Indian, for example Tamil and Indian. This also made administration easier.

      1 mark

    3. (36.3) The major language of Kerala is Malayalam.

      1 mark

    4. (36.3) The major language of Andhra Pradesh is Telugu.

      1 mark

    Answer: (36.1) Provinces based on language. (36.2) Linguistic states made the nation more united. (36.3) Kerala: Malayalam; Andhra Pradesh: Telugu.

    Where the marks are

    • Gandhiji's promise (1 mark)
    • How language strengthened unity (1 mark)
    • Malayalam (1 mark)
    • Telugu (1 mark)

    Open Q36 on its own page

Section F

Map Skill based: 37(a) History (2 marks), 37(b) Geography (3 marks)

  1. Q37 · 5 marks · Map workNationalism in India

    Answer the following.

    1. (a)

      Two places 'A' and 'B' have been marked on the given political outline map of India. Identify them with the help of following information and write their names on the lines drawn near them:
      A. The place where the session of Indian National Congress was held.
      B. The place where Mahatma Gandhi started Satyagraha for indigo peasants.

      2 marks
    2. (b)

      On the same outline map of India locate and label any three of the following with suitable symbols:
      (i) Leading state in production of rice.
      (ii) Coal-mines located in Tamil Nadu.
      (iii) Major sea port located in Karnataka.
      (iv) Oil field located in Maharashtra.

      3 marks

    Figure in the paper: Outline political map of India with two marked points: A (in the east, near the Kolkata/West Bengal region on the Bengal side, with a line drawn to the right) and B (in the north, in the Bihar/Uttar Pradesh–Nepal border area, with a line drawn to the right). Students must write names on the lines near A and B and locate the features in part (b) on the same map. See it in the official paper.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. (a) A: Calcutta (Kolkata), where the Indian National Congress held a session (the 1920 special session). Write this name on the line near A.

      1 mark

    2. (a) B: Champaran (Bihar), where Gandhiji started satyagraha for indigo peasants in 1917. Write this name on the line near B.

      1 mark

    3. (b) Locate and label any three, one mark each: rice - West Bengal (shade or label the state); coal mine - Neyveli (Tamil Nadu); sea port - New Mangalore (Karnataka coast); oil field - Mumbai High (off the Maharashtra coast). Use suitable symbols and place them correctly.

      3 marks

    Answer: A: Calcutta (Kolkata); B: Champaran (Bihar). (b) Any three: West Bengal, Neyveli, New Mangalore, Mumbai High.

    Where the marks are

    • A identified as Calcutta (1 mark)
    • B identified as Champaran (1 mark)
    • Any three features correctly located and labelled (3 marks)

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Source: official question paper, cbse.gov.in. Chapter tags and solutions are ours. Spotted a transcription error? Write tosupport@questionbuddy.in.