CBSE Class 10 Social Science: 2023 board paper, set 32/2/1

1. After Napoleon's defeat in 1815, the European powers met at the Congress of Vienna (1815). They wanted to restore the old monarchies and the old order. This ideology is conservatism, so the answer is (B).

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Answer: (B) Conservatism

1. In the First World War, the Central Powers were Germany, Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Turkey. The Allies were Britain, France and Russia, later joined by the USA. So (A) is correct.

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Answer: (A) Germany, Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Turkey

1. Mass production, as in Henry Ford's assembly line, was a key feature of the US economy in the 1920s. This made cars and consumer goods cheap. So (A) is correct.

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Answer: (A) United States of America

1. The portrait is of Lakshminath Bezbaruah, the senior Assamese litterateur, so (C) is correct. For the visually impaired alternative, 'Gulamgiri' was written by Jyotiba Phule, which is option (c) there.

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Answer: (C) Lakshminath Bezbaruah (VI version: (c) Jyotiba Phule)

1. Laterite soil forms in areas of high temperature and heavy rainfall because of intense leaching. So (D) is correct.

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Answer: (D) Laterite

1. Both statements are true. Agriculture supplies raw materials to industry and buys its products, so they move together. But the Reason is about unemployment and poverty, which does not explain why the two are interdependent. So the answer is (B).

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Answer: (B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A

1. Kandla was developed after independence (4). Mumbai is the biggest port (3). Visakhapatnam is the deepest landlocked port (2). Kolkata is a riverine port (1). This gives i-4, ii-3, iii-2, iv-1, option (A).

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Answer: (A) i-4, ii-3, iii-2, iv-1

1. Belgium amended its constitution four times, which is true. The amendments were made to accommodate its linguistic communities so that all could live together in one country. R therefore explains A, so (A) is correct.

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Answer: (A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

1. In a 'coming together' federation, independent states join to form a bigger unit, as the USA, Switzerland and Australia did. India, Belgium and Spain are 'holding together' federations. So (B) is correct.

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Answer: (B) USA

1. Banking is on the Union List (i-3). Agriculture is on the State List (ii-1). Education is on the Concurrent List (iii-4). Computer software is a residuary subject (iv-2). So (A) is correct.

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Answer: (A) i-3, ii-1, iii-4, iv-2

1. Nordic countries such as Sweden, Norway and Finland have the highest share of women in national parliaments and public life. So (A) is correct.

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Answer: (A) Nordic countries

1. Odisha was ruled by the regional party Biju Janata Dal (BJD) at the time of the exam. Haryana, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan were ruled by national parties. So (C) is correct.

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Answer: (C) Odisha

1. India has many national and regional parties competing for power, so it has a multi-party system. The USA and the UK have two-party systems, and China has one-party rule. So (B) is correct.

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Answer: (B) India

1. The World Bank treats the income of a country (average income) as the most important attribute for comparing countries. So (B) is correct.

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Answer: (B) Income

1. A lower HDI rank means a higher level of human development. Sri Lanka's rank is 73, the best among the options, so (C) is correct.

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Answer: (C) Sri Lanka

1. When natural products are changed into other forms by manufacturing, the activity belongs to the secondary sector, so (B) is correct.

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Answer: (B) Secondary product

1. The unorganised sector has rules and regulations, but they are not followed. Jobs are irregular and not assured. So (D) is correct.

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Answer: (D) There are rules and regulations but not followed.

1. The modern forms of currency are paper notes and coins issued by the central bank, along with deposits. Gold, silver and copper coins were earlier forms. The listed answer is (A).

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Answer: (A) Paper notes

1. In urban areas, about 85% of the loans of rich households come from the formal sector, the highest share. Poorer households depend more on informal lenders. So (D) is correct.

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Answer: (D) Rich households

1. New markets, new talent and international recruitment are benefits of globalisation. Disproportionate growth, where the gains are uneven, is a challenge. So (D) is correct.

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Answer: (D) Disproportionate Growth

1. Cavour, Chief Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont, led the movement to unify Italy. He was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat; he was a practical statesman of the wealthy, educated Italian elite.

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2. He engineered a tactful diplomatic alliance with France, which helped Sardinia-Piedmont defeat the Austrian forces in 1859 and brought the northern regions into the unification process.

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Answer: Cavour, a diplomat and not a revolutionary, unified Italy's regions chiefly through the French alliance, which defeated Austria in 1859.

1. For the new middle classes, liberalism meant freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. Politically it stood for government by consent.

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2. Liberals stressed the inviolability of private property. In economics they wanted freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.

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Answer: Liberal nationalism stood for individual freedom, equality before law, government by consent, private property and free markets.

1. Enforce the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: ban hunting and poaching, give legal protection to habitats, restrict wildlife trade, and set up national parks, sanctuaries and projects such as Project Tiger.

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2. Create awareness through nature or wildlife clubs, and run afforestation programmes with community participation. Controlling forest fires also helps.

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Answer: Strict implementation of the Wildlife Protection Act 1972, and awareness and afforestation programmes involving communities.

1. In 1956 an Act made Sinhala the only official language, disregarding Tamil. This excluded Tamils from jobs and administration.

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2. Governments followed preferential policies for Sinhalese in university positions and government jobs. The new constitution also stipulated that the State protect and foster Buddhism. Together these ignored Tamil interests and increased alienation.

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Answer: The Sinhala-only Act of 1956 and the preferential, majoritarian policies increased the alienation of Sri Lankan Tamils.

1. Repayment depends on income from the borrower's activity such as farming. If the crop fails, income is lost and the loan cannot be repaid.

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2. The borrower may then fall into a debt-trap, may have to sell part of the land to repay, and ends up worse off than before. Hence recovery is painful.

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Answer: Loan repayment depends on uncertain income. Failure leads to a debt-trap and sale of assets, leaving the borrower worse off.

1. Chinese paper reached Europe in the eleventh century. It allowed manuscripts to be written by scribes. Marco Polo brought woodblock printing knowledge from China to Italy.

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2. Italians began producing books with woodblocks, and the technique spread to other parts of Europe. Merchants and students bought the cheaper printed copies, and book fairs were held.

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3. The breakthrough came when Johann Gutenberg developed the first printing press in Strasbourg.

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Answer: Print came to Europe through Chinese paper, Marco Polo's woodblock technology, its spread across Europe, and finally Gutenberg's printing press.

1. Earlier, reading was restricted to the elites, and common people lived in an oral culture. They heard sacred texts read out, ballads recited and folk tales narrated.

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2. The printing press reduced the cost of books and made multiple copies easy to produce. Books flooded the market and reached an ever-growing readership, creating a new reading public.

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3. Popular ballads and folk tales were printed with illustrations, so reading spread among wider sections of people.

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Answer: Cheap, plentiful printed books created a new reading public and moved people from oral to reading culture.

1. Energy is a basic requirement of economic development. Every sector (agriculture, industry, transport and communication) needs energy inputs.

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2. Examples: energy runs vehicles for transport, and drives machinery in industries and pumpsets in agriculture.

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3. It is also needed in households for cooking, lighting and heating, and in commercial establishments. So energy is needed for all activities.

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Answer: Energy is needed in agriculture, industry, transport, households and commerce, so all activities depend on it.

1. Launch government literacy programmes and campaigns at urban and grass-root levels, and enrol girls in formal schools while enforcing compulsory education.

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2. Counsel parents and society, and run awareness programmes to break traditional prejudices against girls' education.

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3. Give incentives such as scholarships for poor and meritorious girls, free mid-day meals, and convenient school timings.

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Answer: Literacy campaigns and compulsory enrolment, awareness against prejudice, and scholarships and other incentives.

1. Primary sector activities use natural resources directly. The secondary sector changes natural products into other forms through manufacturing.

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2. The primary sector depends mainly on natural factors such as rainfall, sunshine and climate. The secondary sector is based on industrial activity.

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3. Examples: growing cotton, or dairy and mining, is primary. Making cotton cloth or sugar from sugarcane is secondary, adding value to primary products.

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Answer: The primary sector produces from nature, as in farming. The secondary sector manufactures from primary products, as in textiles.

1. The tertiary sector provides basic services such as transport, medical care, banking, electricity and the post office. The development of agriculture and industry increases the need for services like transport and trade.

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2. As income levels rise, people demand more services such as tourism, shopping, private schools and hospitals.

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3. New IT-based services have become important, and the sector creates jobs even for unskilled workers.

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Answer: The tertiary sector has grown in importance through basic services, rising demand from higher incomes, new IT services and employment.

1. Indian merchants and industrialists wanted to expand their business, so they reacted against colonial policies that restricted it.

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2. They wanted protection against imports of foreign goods and a favourable rupee-sterling exchange ratio.

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3. To organise business interests they formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress (1920) and FICCI (1927), led by Purshottamdas Thakurdas and G.D. Birla.

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4. They attacked colonial control over the Indian economy.

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5. They gave financial help and refused to buy or sell imported goods.

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Answer: Business classes supported the movement with funds and boycotts to protect their interests against colonial economic control.

1. Women participated on a large scale in the Civil Disobedience Movement.

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2. During Gandhiji's Salt March, thousands of women came out of their homes to listen to him.

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3. They took part in protest marches and manufactured salt.

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4. They picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops.

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5. Many were arrested and jailed, yet their presence in the Congress remained largely symbolic, as they held no position of authority.

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Answer: Women took part in marches, salt-making and picketing and went to jail, though they held no real authority in the Congress.

1. Primitive subsistence farming: it is practised on small patches of land with primitive tools such as the hoe, dao and digging stick.

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2. It depends on monsoon, natural soil fertility and the suitability of conditions for the crops. It is also called slash and burn agriculture, and is still found in a few pockets of India.

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3. Commercial farming: it uses higher doses of modern inputs such as HYV seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides to get higher productivity.

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4. The degree of commercialisation varies by region; for example rice is a commercial crop in Haryana but a subsistence crop in Odisha.

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5. Plantation is also a type of commercial farming, producing crops for sale in the market.

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Answer: Primitive subsistence farming is small-scale, uses simple tools and depends on nature; commercial farming uses modern inputs for high productivity and sale.

1. Intensive subsistence farming: it is practised in areas of high population pressure on land, and is labour-intensive.

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2. It uses high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation to obtain higher production from small holdings.

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3. Plantation farming: it is a type of commercial farming in which a single crop (tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana) is grown.

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4. It lies at the interface of agriculture and industry, as produce is used as raw material in industries.

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5. Plantations cover large tracts of land, need heavy capital and use migrant labour with good transport.

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Answer: Intensive subsistence farming is labour- and input-intensive on small land; plantation farming grows a single cash crop on large estates linked to industry.

1. Democracy develops a mechanism to negotiate differences, so social diversity leads to peaceful and harmonious life among citizens.

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2. The majority must work with the minority so that governments represent everyone. Majority rule should never mean rule by one community.

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3. Democracy provides a procedure for peaceful competition among groups, so differences do not become violent.

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4. It strengthens the claims of disadvantaged groups and ensures the equal treatment of women.

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5. Democracies like Belgium have successfully negotiated ethnic differences, showing the ability to handle social divisions and conflicts.

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Answer: Democracy accommodates diversity when it negotiates differences, majority works with minority, competition is peaceful and disadvantaged groups are heard.

1. Every individual wants respect from fellow beings, and the passion for respect and freedom is the basis of democracy.

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2. Democracies throughout the world have recognised dignity and freedom in principle, though achieved in different degrees.

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3. Equal treatment of women is a necessary ingredient of a democratic society, which promotes their dignity.

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4. Democracy has strengthened the claims of disadvantaged and discriminated groups, such as the fight against caste inequality.

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5. People have developed awareness and the ability to look critically at power, which protects freedom.

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Answer: Democracy promotes dignity and freedom by recognising them in principle, treating women equally, backing the disadvantaged and building critical awareness.

1. MNCs set up factories and offices where production is cheapest and closest to markets, where skilled and unskilled labour is available at low cost and other factors of production are assured. This links many countries in one production chain.

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2. Goods and services are therefore produced globally, and production is organised in increasingly complex ways: different stages are carried out in different countries.

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3. MNCs set up production jointly with local companies. The local partner provides land and knows the local market, while the MNC provides investment and technology. Example: Ford Motors in India with Mahindra and Mahindra.

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4. Sometimes MNCs place orders for production with small producers. Garments, footwear and sports items are made by small producers for the MNC, which sells them under its own brand. Example: Nike and Adidas.

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5. Large MNCs buy local companies and then expand production. Because of their size and money power they exert strong control over production at distant locations. Example: Cargill Foods bought the Parakh Foods.

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Answer: MNCs interlink production by locating units where costs are low, by partnering with local firms, by placing orders with small producers and by buying local firms.

1. The government has removed barriers on foreign trade and foreign investment, so foreign companies can import and invest more freely.

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2. Liberalised policies were introduced to promote globalisation.

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3. Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are being set up as industrial zones with world-class facilities.

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4. Facilities such as electricity, water, transport, storage and recreation are provided to foreign companies in these zones.

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5. Production units in SEZs do not pay taxes for the first five years. The government has also allowed flexibility in labour laws to attract investment.

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Answer: Steps: removing trade and investment barriers, liberalisation, SEZs, world-class facilities, five-year tax holiday and flexible labour laws.

1. (34.1) British mills were busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, so Manchester imports into India declined.

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2. (34.2) Britain could not modernise its industry or compete with the US, Germany and Japan, and its economy crumbled after the war. So Manchester could not regain its old position.

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3. (34.3) Benefit 1: Imports from Britain fell, so Indian mills got a vast home market to supply.

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4. (34.3) Benefit 2: Indian factories supplied war needs such as jute bags, army cloth, tents and boots. New factories were set up, old ones ran multiple shifts, and industrial production boomed, letting local industrialists consolidate their position.

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Answer: (34.1) British mills were busy with war production. (34.2) Britain could not modernise and compete with the US, Germany and Japan. (34.3) Imports fell, giving Indian mills a home market, and war orders made industrial production boom.

1. (35.1) Narmada Bachao Andolan.

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2. (35.2) During heavy rain, water released from big dams aggravates the flood situation downstream, as happened in Maharashtra and Gujarat in 2006.

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3. (35.3) Merit 1: Multi-purpose projects generate hydroelectricity.

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4. (35.3) Merit 2: They provide water through canals for irrigation and also help in flood control and soil conservation.

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Answer: (35.1) Narmada Bachao Andolan. (35.2) Release of water from dams in heavy rain worsens floods. (35.3) Hydroelectricity generation and irrigation through canals.

1. (36.1) A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in government.

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2. (36.2) Large societies need representative democracy. Parties give a platform to elect representatives, who then form the government, so parties rose along with representative democracy.

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3. (36.3) Parties bring various representatives together so that a responsible government can be formed.

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4. (36.3) They act as a mechanism to support or restrain the government and to make, justify or oppose policies. Parties thus fulfil needs that every representative government has.

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Answer: (36.1) A group that contests elections to hold power. (36.2) Large societies need representative democracy, and parties provide the representatives. (36.3) Parties form responsible governments and support or restrain them.

1. (a)(i) A is Nagpur, where the Congress session of December 1920 was held.

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2. (a)(ii) B is Amritsar, the site of the Jallianwala Bagh incident.

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3. (b) Any three, correctly located and labelled: Noida (Uttar Pradesh), a software technology park near Delhi; Bailadila (Chhattisgarh), iron-ore mines; Tarapur (Maharashtra), nuclear power plant on the coast north of Mumbai; Haldia (West Bengal), sea port near Kolkata.

   3 marks

4. Visually impaired alternative (any five): Nagpur; Amritsar; Karnataka (coffee); Chhattisgarh (Bailadila); Maharashtra (Tarapur); West Bengal (Haldia).

Answer: (a) A: Nagpur; B: Amritsar. (b) Noida: Uttar Pradesh; Bailadila: Chhattisgarh; Tarapur: Maharashtra; Haldia: West Bengal. Visually impaired: Nagpur, Amritsar, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, West Bengal.