CBSE Class 10 · Board exam 2024 (session 2023-24)

CBSE Class 10 Social Science: 2024 board paper, set 32/4/1

The question paper set in the CBSE Class 10 board exam of 2024, as printed: 37 questions for 80 marks, in sections, with each OR choice shown as an alternative. Try each question first, then open our solution.

Every question here has our step-by-step solution, split into the steps that earn marks. Each one was checked by an independent re-solve from the question paper.

Source: official question paper from cbse.gov.in: https://www.cbse.gov.in/cbsenew/question-paper/2024/X/SOCIAL_SCIENCE.zip (a zip; this paper is the file 32_4_1_Social Science.pdf). Questions are transcribed from that PDF; figures are described in words, so check the official paper for them. Questions printed only for visually impaired candidates are left out (2).

Practise a paper like this, timedMy board paper sets a full paper in this exact format from real board questions, with a timer.Get your written answers markedThe Answer Coach marks a photo of your handwritten answer step by step, like the examiner.

How the paper is set

Section	Questions	What it has
A	1-20	MCQ 1-4, 6-16, 18-19; assertion-reason 5, 11, 17, 20
B	21-24	Very short answer, answer not to exceed 40 words; Q23 has internal choice
C	25-29	Short answer, answer not to exceed 60 words; Q25 has internal choice
D	30-33	Long answer, answer not to exceed 120 words; each question has internal choice
E	34-36	Case/source-based with three sub-questions (1, 1, 2 marks)
F	37	Map skill-based: 37(a) History 2 marks, 37(b) Geography 3 marks

Instructions in brief: All questions are compulsory. Internal choice (OR) is given in Q23, Q25, Q30, Q31, Q32 and Q33. Visually Impaired candidates attempt the separate questions 16(VI) and 37(VI) in lieu of Q16 and Q37.

Section A

MCQ 1-4, 6-16, 18-19; assertion-reason 5, 11, 17, 20

Q1 · 1 mark · MCQThe Rise of Nationalism in Europe
Arrange the following incidents in chronological order and choose the correct option.
I. French Revolution
II. Napoleon’s invasion of Italy
III. Unification of Italy
IV. Vienna Peace Treaty
1. (A)I, II, IV, III
2. (B)II, IV, I, III
3. (C)II, III, I, IV
4. (D)I, III, II, IV
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. French Revolution (1789) came first, then Napoleon's invasion of Italy (1796), then the Vienna Peace Treaty (1815), and finally the unification of Italy (1859-1871). Order: I, II, IV, III, so option (A).
  1 mark
Answer: Option (A): I, II, IV, III
Where the marks are
- Correct chronological order I, II, IV, III (1 mark)
Q2 · 1 mark · MCQThe Making of a Global World
Choose the correct option to fill in the blank.
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ from India and Southeast Asia travelled through ‘Silk Route’ to other parts of the world.
1. (A)Gold and silver ornaments
2. (B)Clothes and spices
3. (C)Grain and pulses
4. (D)Iron and other metals
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. The Silk Route carried Indian textiles (clothes) and Southeast Asian spices to the rest of the world. So option (B).
  1 mark
Answer: Option (B): Clothes and spices
Where the marks are
- Identifies clothes and spices (1 mark)
Q3 · 1 mark · MCQNationalism in India
Choose the correct option, related to the founders of the ‘Swaraj Party’ within the Congress.
1. (A)Subhas Chandra Bose and Jawaharlal Nehru
2. (B)Acharya Kripalani and Jayaprakash Narayan
3. (C)C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru
4. (D)Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Patel
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. The Swaraj Party was formed within the Congress in 1923 by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru, who wanted to return to council politics. So option (C).
  1 mark
Answer: Option (C): C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru
Where the marks are
- Names C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru (1 mark)
Q4 · 1 mark · MCQPrint Culture and the Modern World
Who among the following said – ‘‘Printing is the ultimate gift of God and the greatest one.’’ ?
1. (A)Martin Luther
2. (B)Mahatma Gandhi
3. (C)Johannes Gutenberg
4. (D)Rashsundari Devi
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. Martin Luther, the religious reformer, called printing God's ultimate gift and greatest one, as it helped spread his ideas. So option (A).
  1 mark
Answer: Option (A): Martin Luther
Where the marks are
- Identifies Martin Luther (1 mark)
Q5 · 1 mark · Assertion-reasonCompetency-basedForest and Wildlife Resources
Two statements are given below. They are Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read both the statements and choose the correct option.
Assertion (A): The famous ‘Chipko Movement’ in the Himalayas successfully resisted deforestation in several areas.
Reason (R): Through this, community afforestation campaign with indigenous species was made enormously successful.
1. (A)Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
2. (B)Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
3. (C)(A) is true, but (R) is false.
4. (D)(A) is false, but (R) is true.
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. The Chipko Movement did resist deforestation in the Himalayas, so (A) is true.
2. It also led to successful community afforestation with indigenous species, which shows its success, so (R) is true and explains (A). Option (B).
  1 mark
Answer: Option (B)
Where the marks are
- Both statements true and R explains A (1 mark)
Open Q5 on its own page
Q6 · 1 mark · MCQWater Resources
Match Column I with Column II and choose the correct option.
Column I (Dams) Column II (Rivers)
i. Sardar Sarovar a. Sutlej
ii. Hirakud b. Krishna
iii. Bhakra Nangal c. Narmada
iv. Nagarjuna Sagar d. Mahanadi
1. (A)i-a, ii-b, iii-c, iv-d
2. (B)i-b, ii-a, iii-d, iv-c
3. (C)i-c, ii-d, iii-b, iv-a
4. (D)i-c, ii-d, iii-a, iv-b
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. Sardar Sarovar is on the Narmada (c), Hirakud on the Mahanadi (d), Bhakra Nangal on the Sutlej (a), Nagarjuna Sagar on the Krishna (b). So i-c, ii-d, iii-a, iv-b: option (D).
  1 mark
Answer: Option (D)
Where the marks are
- Correct matching i-c, ii-d, iii-a, iv-b (1 mark)
Q7 · 1 mark · MCQMinerals and Energy Resources
Choose the correct option for the following States’ share (in percentage) in the production of ‘manganese’ in India from the highest to the lowest order.
1. (A)Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Odisha
2. (B)Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Karnataka
3. (C)Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Odisha
4. (D)Maharashtra, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. In the textbook's manganese data the order from highest to lowest share is Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Karnataka. Option (B).
  1 mark
Answer: Option (B)
Where the marks are
- Correct order of states (1 mark)
Q8 · 1 mark · MCQPower-sharing
Read the arguments given in the favour of power sharing and choose the correct option.
I. Reduces the likelihood of bias.
II. Barricades the decision-making process.
III. Accommodates diversities.
IV. Increases the participation of people in power.
1. (A)Only I, II and III are correct.
2. (B)Only II, III and IV are correct.
3. (C)Only I, III and IV are correct.
4. (D)Only I, II and IV are correct.
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. Power sharing reduces bias/conflict, accommodates diversity and increases people's participation (I, III, IV). Statement II is wrong because power sharing does not obstruct decision making. Option (C).
  1 mark
Answer: Option (C): Only I, III and IV
Where the marks are
- Rejects II, selects I, III, IV (1 mark)
Q9 · 1 mark · MCQFederalism
‘Education’ falls under which one of the following lists given in the Indian Constitution ?
1. (A)Union List
2. (B)State List
3. (C)Concurrent List
4. (D)Residuary Subjects
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. Education is a subject on which both the Centre and the States can make laws, so it is in the Concurrent List. Option (C).
  1 mark
Answer: Option (C): Concurrent List
Where the marks are
- Identifies Concurrent List (1 mark)
Q10 · 1 mark · MCQFederalism
In which one of the following institutions in India was a system of reservation for women made by amending the Constitution in 1992 ?
1. (A)Lok Sabha
2. (B)Rajya Sabha
3. (C)Legislative Council
4. (D)Panchayat
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. The 73rd Amendment (1992) reserved at least one-third of seats for women in Panchayats (and the 74th in municipalities). Option (D).
  1 mark
Answer: Option (D): Panchayat
Where the marks are
- Identifies Panchayat (1 mark)
Q11 · 1 mark · Assertion-reasonCompetency-basedPolitical Parties
Two statements are given below. They are Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read both the statements and choose the correct option.
Assertion (A): Modern democracy cannot function without political parties.
Reason (R): Elected representatives will be accountable only to their constituencies, not towards the country.
1. (A)(A) is true, but (R) is false.
2. (B)(A) is false, but (R) is true.
3. (C)Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
4. (D)Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. Modern democracy needs parties to bring representatives together to form governments and make policy, so (A) is true.
2. Without parties, every candidate would be accountable only to their own constituency and no one for the country, so (R) is true and explains (A). Option (C).
  1 mark
Answer: Option (C)
Where the marks are
- Both true and R explains A (1 mark)
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Q12 · 1 mark · MCQPolitical Parties
Which one of the following countries has a two-party system ?
1. (A)China
2. (B)Pakistan
3. (C)United States of America
4. (D)France
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. The USA has a two-party system (Democratic and Republican). China has one-party rule, Pakistan and France are multi-party. Option (C).
  1 mark
Answer: Option (C): United States of America
Where the marks are
- Identifies the USA (1 mark)
Q13 · 1 mark · MCQGender, Religion and Caste
In which of the following regions was women representation the highest in their respective National Parliaments (2018) ?
1. (A)Nordic countries
2. (B)America (North and South)
3. (C)Europe
4. (D)Asia
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. In 2018 the Nordic countries had the highest share of women in their national parliaments (about 40%). Option (A).
  1 mark
Answer: Option (A): Nordic countries
Where the marks are
- Identifies Nordic countries (1 mark)
Q14 · 1 mark · MCQOutcomes of Democracy
Read the following characteristics of democracy and choose the correct option.
I. Free and fair elections
II. Equality before law
III. Dignity of a person
IV. Majority rule
1. (A)Only I, II and III are correct.
2. (B)Only II, III and IV are correct.
3. (C)Only I, III and IV are correct.
4. (D)Only I, II and IV are correct.
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. Free and fair elections, equality before law and dignity of a person are democratic characteristics. Majority rule alone is not, since democracy also protects minority rights. Option (A).
  1 mark
Answer: Option (A): Only I, II and III
Where the marks are
- Excludes IV, selects I, II, III (1 mark)
Q15 · 1 mark · MCQCompetency-basedMoney and Credit
Read the following situation regarding credit and identify the positive impact of credit.
Salim obtains credit to meet the working capital needs of production. The credit helps him to meet the ongoing expenses and complete production on time.
1. (A)The burden of credit will increase on Salim.
2. (B)Salim’s income will increase.
3. (C)The production will decrease.
4. (D)Salim may get stuck in a debt trap.
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. Working-capital credit lets Salim finish production on time, so his earnings rise. The other options describe negative outcomes. Option (B).
  1 mark
Answer: Option (B): Salim's income will increase
Where the marks are
- Identifies the positive impact, rising income (1 mark)
Q16 · 1 mark · MCQCompetency-basedSectors of the Indian Economy
Study the following picture. The work done in the picture comes under which one of the following sectors of the economy ?
1. (A)Primary
2. (B)Secondary
3. (C)Tertiary
4. (D)Quaternary
Figure in the paper: A photograph of a cloth shop with shelves stacked with folded garments in the background. A woman shopkeeper in a dark cardigan over a green dress is showing a blue garment spread on a counter to a customer, who stands on the right in a dark jacket. Other folded clothes lie on the counter. See it in the official paper.
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. Selling clothes in a shop is a service/trade activity, so it belongs to the tertiary sector. Option (C).
  1 mark
Answer: Option (C): Tertiary
Where the marks are
- Identifies the tertiary sector (1 mark)
Q17 · 1 mark · Assertion-reasonCompetency-basedMoney and Credit
Two statements are given below. They are Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read both the statements and choose the correct option.
Assertion (A): No individual in India can legally refuse a payment made in rupees.
Reason (R): In India the rupee is authorized by the State Governments.
1. (A)Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
2. (B)Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
3. (C)(A) is true, but (R) is false.
4. (D)(A) is false, but (R) is true.
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. The rupee is legal tender, so no one in India can legally refuse payment in rupees: (A) is true.
2. The rupee is authorised by the Reserve Bank of India (the central government), not the State Governments, so (R) is false. Option (C).
  1 mark
Answer: Option (C)
Where the marks are
- A true, R false (1 mark)
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Q18 · 1 mark · MCQGlobalisation and the Indian Economy
Which one of the following statements best describes the meaning of ‘Globalization’ ?
1. (A)Removal of tax barriers on trade
2. (B)Providing higher standard of living
3. (C)Process of rapid integration between countries
4. (D)Taking special steps to attract foreign companies
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. Globalisation is the rapid integration or interconnection between countries through trade, investment and technology. The other options are only features or policies. Option (C).
  1 mark
Answer: Option (C)
Where the marks are
- Selects the integration definition (1 mark)
Q19 · 1 mark · MCQDevelopment
On which of the following basis does the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) publish the ‘Human Development Report’ ?
1. (A)Manufacturing, Infrastructure and Health
2. (B)Education, Health and Per Capita Income
3. (C)National Income, Health and Banking
4. (D)Gross Domestic Product, Technology and Innovation
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. The UNDP Human Development Report ranks countries on education, health status and per capita income. Option (B).
  1 mark
Answer: Option (B)
Where the marks are
- Education, health and per capita income (1 mark)
Q20 · 1 mark · Assertion-reasonCompetency-basedMoney and Credit
Two statements are given below. They are Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read both the statements and choose the correct option.
Assertion (A): Banks are not ready to lend money to certain borrowers.
Reason (R): Some people do not have collateral.
1. (A)Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
2. (B)Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
3. (C)(A) is true, but (R) is false.
4. (D)(A) is false, but (R) is true.
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. Banks do refuse some borrowers, so (A) is true.
2. Banks need collateral as security. Those without it are refused, so (R) is true and explains (A). Option (A).
  1 mark
Answer: Option (A)
Where the marks are
- Both true and R explains A (1 mark)

Column I (Dams)	Column II (Rivers)
i. Sardar Sarovar	a. Sutlej
ii. Hirakud	b. Krishna
iii. Bhakra Nangal	c. Narmada
iv. Nagarjuna Sagar	d. Mahanadi

Section B

Very short answer, answer not to exceed 40 words; Q23 has internal choice

Q21 · 2 marks · Very short answerThe Age of Industrialisation
‘‘Until the nineteenth century, poverty and hunger were common in Europe.’’ Analyse the statement.
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. Before the 19th century Europe's cities were overcrowded because of a growing population, so slums, poor housing and shortage of food grains led to widespread hunger and poverty.
  1 mark
2. Deadly diseases such as cholera and smallpox spread easily in these crowded and unclean cities, and poor people had little food or care. Poverty and hunger therefore stayed common.
  1 mark
Answer: Overcrowded cities, food shortage and epidemics kept poverty and hunger common in Europe.
Where the marks are
- Overcrowding or food shortage explained (1 mark)
- Another relevant cause, e.g. deadly diseases (1 mark)
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Q22 · 2 marks · Very short answerResources and Development
How is energy a basic requirement for economic development of a country ? Explain with examples.
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. Every sector of the economy (agriculture, industry, transport, commerce and household) needs energy inputs. Farming needs energy for pumps and tractors, and railways and trucks need fuel.
  1 mark
2. Development plans since independence needed ever more energy to keep running. For example, factories use electricity to manufacture goods, so growth in output depends on energy.
  1 mark
Answer: Energy powers all sectors and manufacturing, so economic development depends on it.
Where the marks are
- Energy needed in all sectors, with example (1 mark)
- Development plans or manufacturing need rising energy, with example (1 mark)
Open Q22 on its own page
Answer one of these 2 alternatives.
Q23(a) · 2 marks · Very short answerFederalism
Examine the role of the Constitution in the Federal System of India in two points. (2×1=2)
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. The Constitution clearly specifies the jurisdiction of each tier of government through the Union, State and Concurrent Lists.
  1 mark
2. It guarantees the existence and authority of each tier, so the Centre cannot unilaterally alter the federal arrangement. It also provides rules for coordination between the Centre and States.
  1 mark
Answer: The Constitution divides powers and guarantees each tier's authority.
Where the marks are
- Specifies jurisdictions of tiers (1 mark)
- Guarantees existence and authority or provides coordination rules (1 mark)
Open Q23(a) on its own page
OR
Q23(b) · 2 marks · Very short answerFederalism
Examine the role of the Supreme Court in the Federal System of India in two points. (2×1=2)
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. The Supreme Court oversees the implementation of constitutional provisions and procedures in the federal system.
  1 mark
2. It settles disputes over the division of powers between the Centre and States, and acts as the interpreter of the Constitution.
  1 mark
Answer: The Supreme Court oversees the Constitution and decides power disputes.
Where the marks are
- Oversees constitutional provisions (1 mark)
- Decides division-of-powers disputes or interprets the Constitution (1 mark)
Open Q23(b) on its own page
Q24 · 2 marks · Very short answerGlobalisation and the Indian Economy
How is technology an important factor of globalisation ? Explain with examples.
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. Technology, especially in telecommunication, information technology and transport, has sped up globalisation. Faster ships, aircraft and containers lower the cost of moving goods over long distances.
  1 mark
2. Internet, email, telephones and computers let firms coordinate across countries, for example call centres serving foreign customers.
  1 mark
Answer: Technology in transport and communication links markets and quickens globalisation.
Where the marks are
- Transport or telecom role explained (1 mark)
- Example such as the internet or email (1 mark)
Open Q24 on its own page

Section C

Short answer, answer not to exceed 60 words; Q25 has internal choice

Answer one of these 2 alternatives.
Q25(a) · 3 marks · Short answerNationalism in India
How did people belonging to different communities, regions or language groups develop a sense of collective belonging in the National Movement ? Explain with examples.
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. Nationalist feeling grew through history and folklore. Indian folklore was collected and preserved, and history was reinterpreted to glorify India's past.
  1 mark
2. Images and symbols united people. Bharat Mata was shown as an allegory, and a tricolour flag was designed.
  1 mark
3. Literature and songs spread belonging. Bankim Chandra's 'Vande Mataram' in Anandmath was a hymn to the motherland, and the Swadeshi movement popularised the flag.
  1 mark
Answer: Folklore, history, symbols, flag and hymns created collective belonging.
Where the marks are
- Folklore or history (1 mark)
- Allegory or flag (1 mark)
- Hymns or songs with example (1 mark)
Open Q25(a) on its own page
OR
Q25(b) · 3 marks · Short answerNationalism in India
‘‘Workers had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of ‘Swaraj’.’’ Explain the statement with examples.
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant being free to move out of the confined plantations. It also meant keeping a link with their home villages.
  1 mark
2. Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859 they could not leave the plantations without permission, and permission was rarely given.
  1 mark
3. When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands defied the authorities and left the plantations. They believed Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would get land in their villages.
  1 mark
Answer: Plantation workers saw Swaraj as freedom to move and own land.
Where the marks are
- Freedom of movement and village link (1 mark)
- Defied the Inland Emigration Act (1 mark)
- Belief in Gandhi Raj and land (1 mark)
Open Q25(b) on its own page
Q26 · 3 marks · Short answerAgriculture
Describe any three features of cultivation of millets in India. (3×1=3)
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. Jowar, bajra and ragi are the main millets. They are coarse grains with high nutrition.
  1 mark
2. Millets are rain-fed crops grown mostly in drier areas that need little irrigation. Jowar is grown mainly in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
  1 mark
3. Bajra grows on sandy and shallow black soils, mainly in Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat. Ragi grows well on red, black and sandy loam soils in dry regions.
  1 mark
Answer: Millets are rain-fed coarse grains grown on varied soils in particular states.
Where the marks are
- Types of millets (1 mark)
- Rain-fed with producing states (1 mark)
- Soil requirement of bajra or ragi (1 mark)
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Q27 · 3 marks · Short answerPolitical Parties
Analyse the role of political parties in shaping public opinion.
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. Parties raise and highlight issues, and they put forward different policies for public debate.
  1 mark
2. Parties have lakhs of members and activists across the country, and many pressure groups are extensions of parties.
  1 mark
3. Parties launch movements to solve people's problems, so opinions in society crystallise along the lines parties take.
  1 mark
Answer: Parties shape opinion by raising issues, through their wide network and through movements.
Where the marks are
- Raise issues (1 mark)
- Network of members and pressure groups (1 mark)
- Movements and crystallising opinion (1 mark)
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Q28 · 3 marks · Short answerFederalism
‘‘Federal form of government is in direct contrast to the Unitary form of government.’’ Explain the statement.
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. In a unitary system there is either one level of government or the sub-units are subordinate to the Centre. The central government can order the provincial government.
  1 mark
2. In a federal system the central government cannot order the state government to do something. States have their own powers.
  1 mark
3. In a federation, each government is separately answerable to the people, so the two forms contrast sharply.
  1 mark
Answer: Unitary: one supreme centre. Federal: powers are shared and each tier is independent.
Where the marks are
- Unitary system explained (1 mark)
- Federal states have own powers (1 mark)
- Separate answerability (1 mark)
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Q29 · 3 marks · Short answerDevelopment
Why could different persons have different notions of a country’s development ? Explain with examples.
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. People have different life situations, so each seeks what is most important to them. Their notions of development can even conflict.
  1 mark
2. Industrialists may want more dams for electricity, while displaced tribals lose land and homes because of them.
  1 mark
3. Those affected may prefer small check dams or tanks for irrigating their own land. Development is therefore seen differently by different people.
  1 mark
Answer: Goals differ with people's situations, as the dams example shows.
Where the marks are
- Different goals (1 mark)
- Dam example, industrialists versus tribals (1 mark)
- Alternative like check dams (1 mark)
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Section D

Long answer, answer not to exceed 120 words; each question has internal choice

Answer one of these 2 alternatives.
Q30(a) · 5 marks · Long answerThe Rise of Nationalism in Europe
‘‘The French Revolution created a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.’’ Explain the statement with suitable arguments.
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. In 1789 France was a territorial state under an absolute monarch. The Revolution brought political and constitutional changes.
  1 mark
2. Sovereignty passed from the monarchy to the body of French citizens, who would shape the nation's destiny.
  1 mark
3. The ideas of la patrie (fatherland) and le citoyen (citizen) stressed a united community with equal rights under a constitution.
  1 mark
4. A new tricolour flag replaced the royal standard. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated.
  1 mark
5. French became the common national language, and regional dialects were discouraged. These steps built a collective identity.
  1 mark
Answer: The Revolution created a sense of collective identity through citizenship, symbols and a common language.
Where the marks are
- Absolute monarchy and changes (1 mark)
- Transfer of sovereignty (1 mark)
- La patrie and le citoyen (1 mark)
- Flag, hymns, oaths (1 mark)
- Common language (1 mark)
Open Q30(a) on its own page
OR
Q30(b) · 5 marks · Long answerThe Rise of Nationalism in Europe
‘‘The Greek war of independence mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe.’’ Explain the statement with suitable arguments.
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century.
  1 mark
2. The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked a Greek struggle for independence in 1821.
  1 mark
3. Greeks in exile and West Europeans who admired ancient Greek culture supported the nationalists.
  1 mark
4. Poets and artists praised Greece as the cradle of European civilisation, and public opinion was mobilised against a Muslim empire.
  1 mark
5. The English poet Lord Byron raised funds and went to fight. The Treaty of Constantinople (1832) recognised Greece as independent.
  1 mark
Answer: The Greek war roused educated Europeans through culture, funds and public opinion.
Where the marks are
- Ottoman rule (1 mark)
- 1821 struggle (1 mark)
- Support from exiles and Europeans (1 mark)
- Poets, artists and opinion (1 mark)
- Lord Byron or the 1832 treaty (1 mark)
Open Q30(b) on its own page
Answer one of these 2 alternatives.
Q31(a) · 5 marks · Long answerManufacturing Industries
Describe the role of manufacturing industries in the economic development of a country.
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. Manufacturing has raised the country's GDP over the last two decades.
  1 mark
2. It helps modernise agriculture by supplying machines, fertilisers and pumps.
  1 mark
3. It reduces unemployment and poverty by creating jobs.
  1 mark
4. It reduces regional disparities, as industries set up in backward tribal areas bring development.
  1 mark
5. It expands trade and commerce, and exports earn foreign exchange.
  1 mark
Answer: Manufacturing raises GDP, modernises agriculture, creates jobs, reduces disparity and earns foreign exchange.
Where the marks are
- Contributes to GDP (1 mark)
- Modernises agriculture (1 mark)
- Reduces unemployment and poverty (1 mark)
- Reduces regional disparity (1 mark)
- Trade and foreign exchange (1 mark)
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OR
Q31(b) · 5 marks · Long answerWater Resources
Describe any five steps taken to save fresh water from industrial pollution.
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. Reduce water use in processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages.
  1 mark
2. Harvest rainwater to meet water needs.
  1 mark
3. Treat hot water and effluents before releasing them into rivers and ponds.
  1 mark
4. Primary treatment is mechanical (screening, grinding, flocculation, sedimentation). Secondary treatment is biological.
  1 mark
5. Tertiary treatment uses biological, chemical and physical processes and recycles the wastewater. Green belts also help ecological balance.
  1 mark
Answer: Recycle water, harvest rain, treat effluents in stages and maintain green belts.
Where the marks are
- Reuse and recycling (1 mark)
- Rainwater harvesting (1 mark)
- Treating effluents before release (1 mark)
- Primary and secondary treatment (1 mark)
- Tertiary treatment or green belts (1 mark)
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Answer one of these 2 alternatives.
Q32(a) · 5 marks · Long answerOutcomes of Democracy
Analyse the importance of democracy in accommodation of social diversity.
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. Democracy is expected to produce harmonious social life, because it gives all groups a legal way to voice demands.
  1 mark
2. Democracies develop procedures to conduct competition between groups. This reduces the chance of tensions becoming violent.
  1 mark
3. Belgium successfully negotiated differences among its ethnic communities through power sharing.
  1 mark
4. No society can resolve conflicts completely, but democracy teaches respect for differences and ways to negotiate harmony. The majority works with the minority.
  1 mark
5. Handling differences, divisions and conflicts is a definite advantage of democratic regimes.
  1 mark
Answer: Democracy accommodates diversity through peaceful procedures, power sharing and respect for differences.
Where the marks are
- Harmonious social life (1 mark)
- Procedures reduce violence (1 mark)
- Belgium example (1 mark)
- Respect and negotiation, majority with minority (1 mark)
- Advantage of democracy (1 mark)
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OR
Q32(b) · 5 marks · Long answerOutcomes of Democracy
Analyse the importance of democracy in reducing poverty and inequality.
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. Democracy promotes political equality through universal adult franchise, giving each citizen one vote.
  1 mark
2. It enhances individual dignity by treating people as citizens, not subjects.
  1 mark
3. It improves decisions through debate and discussion.
  1 mark
4. It allows room to correct mistakes.
  1 mark
5. Central and State schemes and reservations reduce disparity and uplift marginalised sections.
  1 mark
Answer: Democracy promotes equality, dignity, better decisions and pro-poor schemes, which reduce inequality.
Where the marks are
- Universal franchise and political equality (1 mark)
- Dignity of citizens (1 mark)
- Debate improves decisions (1 mark)
- Room to correct mistakes (1 mark)
- Schemes and reservation (1 mark)
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Answer one of these 2 alternatives.
Q33(a) · 5 marks · Long answerSectors of the Indian Economy
‘‘There is a need for protection and support of the workers in the unorganised sector.’’ Examine the statement with examples.
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. Rules ignored: The unorganised sector has rules and regulations, but they are hardly followed. Workers are left without legal protection, so they need support.
  1 mark
2. Low wages: Jobs are low paid. Daily-wage labourers, farm workers and street vendors earn too little to meet basic needs.
  1 mark
3. Irregular work: Jobs are not regular. A construction labourer may get work only on some days of the month.
  1 mark
4. No benefits: There is no provision for overtime pay, paid leave, or leave during sickness. Workers lose wages whenever they cannot work.
  1 mark
5. Insecurity and justice: Employment is not secure, because workers can be asked to leave without reason. Protecting them is a matter of economic and social justice and is needed for inclusive development.
  1 mark
Answer: Unorganised-sector workers face low pay, irregular and insecure jobs, no leave or overtime, and weak enforcement of rules, so they need protection and support.
Where the marks are
- Rules exist but are not followed (1 mark)
- Low-paid jobs, with an example (1 mark)
- Irregular jobs (1 mark)
- No overtime, paid leave or sick leave (1 mark)
- Insecure employment, and protection needed for social justice and inclusive development (1 mark)
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OR
Q33(b) · 5 marks · Long answerSectors of the Indian Economy
‘‘Activities in the private sector are guided by the motive to earn profits.’’ Examine the statement with examples.
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. Ownership: In the private sector, the ownership of assets and the delivery of services are in the hands of private individuals or companies, for example Tata or Reliance.
  1 mark
2. Charges: They charge money for every service they provide, for example private schools, hospitals and transport.
  1 mark
3. Profit-based facilities: Their facilities are based on earnings. Activities are guided by market analysis and are meant to make profit.
  1 mark
4. Heavy charges: Even for basic needs such as health and education they charge heavy amounts, so these services are expensive for the poor.
  1 mark
5. Competitive advantage: They seek competitive advantage. Many things society needs as a whole, such as cheap healthcare and roads, are not provided by the private sector at a reasonable cost, so the government must provide them.
  1 mark
Answer: The private sector is owned by individuals or companies, charges for its services and is driven by profit, so it does not provide essential services at reasonable cost.
Where the marks are
- Ownership and services in private hands (1 mark)
- Charges money for services (1 mark)
- Facilities and activities are based on earning profit and market analysis (1 mark)
- Heavy charges even for health and education (1 mark)
- Seeks competitive advantage; society's needs are not met at reasonable cost (1 mark)
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Section E

Case/source-based with three sub-questions (1, 1, 2 marks)

Q34 · 4 marks · Case-basedCompetency-basedPrint Culture and the Modern World
Read the given source and answer the questions that follow:
After the Revolt of 1857, the attitude to freedom of the press changed. Enraged Englishmen demanded a clamp down on the ‘native’ press. As vernacular newspapers became assertively nationalist, the colonial government began debating measures of stringent control. In 1878, the Vernacular Press Act was passed, modelled on the Irish Press Laws. It provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press. From now on the government kept regular track of the vernacular newspapers published in different provinces. When a report was judged as seditious, the newspaper was warned, and if the warning was ignored, the press was liable to be seized and the printing machinery confiscated.
1. (34.1)
  On which rule was the ‘Vernacular Press Act’ based ?
  1 mark
2. (34.2)
  Why did the attitude of the British change towards the freedom of press after the Revolt of 1857 ? Explain.
  1 mark
3. (34.3)
  Explain any two impacts of passing the ‘Vernacular Press Act.’ (2×1=2)
  2 marks
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. (34.1) The Vernacular Press Act was based on the Irish Press Laws.
  1 mark
2. (34.2) After 1857 the vernacular (native-language) newspapers became assertively nationalist, so the British wanted to control and clamp down on them.
  1 mark
3. (34.3) (i) The Act gave the government extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press.
  1 mark
4. (ii) The government kept regular track of the vernacular newspapers in the provinces. Seditious reports led to a warning, and later to seizure of the press and confiscation of the printing machinery.
  1 mark
Answer: (34.1) Irish Press Laws; (34.2) the vernacular newspapers had become assertively nationalist; (34.3) censorship rights over reports and editorials, and regular tracking with warnings and seizure of presses.
Where the marks are
- Irish Press Laws (1 mark)
- Nationalist vernacular newspapers led to the change in attitude (1 mark)
- First impact of the Act (1 mark)
- Second impact of the Act (1 mark)
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Q35 · 4 marks · Case-basedCompetency-basedResources and Development
Read the given source and answer the questions that follow:
Conservation of Resources: Resources are vital for any developmental activity. But irrational consumption and over-utilisation of resources may lead to socio-economic and environmental problems. To overcome these problems, resource conservation at various levels is important. This had been the main concern of the leaders and thinkers in the past. For example, Gandhiji was very apt in voicing his concern about resource conservation in these words: ‘‘There is enough for everybody’s need and not for any body’s greed.’’ He placed the greedy and selfish individuals and exploitative nature of modern technology as the root cause for resource depletion at the global level. He was against mass production and wanted to replace it with the production by the masses.
1. (35.1)
  Define the term ‘Resource Planning’.
  1 mark
2. (35.2)
  Explain the need for conservation of resources.
  1 mark
3. (35.3)
  Why did Gandhiji say – ‘‘There is enough for everybody’s need and not for any body’s greed ?’’ Analyse any two reasons. (2×1=2)
  2 marks
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. (35.1) Resource planning is a complex process of identifying resources and taking an inventory of them across the regions of the country, so that they can be used wisely.
  1 mark
2. (35.2) Resources need conservation because irrational consumption and over-utilisation can cause socio-economic and environmental problems.
  1 mark
3. (35.3) (i) Gandhiji held that greedy and selfish individuals, and the exploitative nature of modern technology, are the root cause of resource depletion.
  1 mark
4. (ii) He opposed mass production, which uses up resources for the profit of a few, and wanted production by the masses, so that everyone's needs can be met.
  1 mark
Answer: (35.1) Identification and inventory of resources across regions; (35.2) to avoid socio-economic and environmental problems from over-use; (35.3) greed and exploitative technology cause depletion, and he favoured production by the masses over mass production.
Where the marks are
- Definition of resource planning (1 mark)
- Need for conservation (1 mark)
- Greed and exploitative technology as the cause of depletion (1 mark)
- Against mass production, in favour of production by the masses (1 mark)
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Q36 · 4 marks · Case-basedCompetency-basedMoney and Credit
Read the given source and answer the questions that follow:
Loans from Cooperatives
Besides banks, the other major source of cheap credit in rural areas are the cooperative societies (or cooperatives). Members of a cooperative pool their resources for cooperation in certain areas. There are several types of cooperatives possible such as farmers cooperatives, weavers cooperatives and industrial workers cooperatives, etc. Krishak Cooperative functions in a village not very far away from Sonpur. It has 2300 farmers as members. It accepts deposits from its members. With these deposits as collateral, the Cooperative has obtained a large loan from the bank. These funds are used to provide loans to members. Once these loans are repaid, another round of lending can take place.
Krishak Cooperative provides loans for the purchase of agricultural implements, loans for cultivation and agricultural trade, fishery loans, loans for construction of houses and for a variety of other expenses.
1. (36.1)
  ‘Cooperative society’ is an example of which source of ‘credit’ ?
  1 mark
2. (36.2)
  Explain the contribution of Cooperative Societies in rural development.
  1 mark
3. (36.3)
  Mention any two sources of capital for Self-Help Groups. (2×1=2)
  2 marks
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. (36.1) A cooperative society is an example of a formal source of credit.
  1 mark
2. (36.2) Cooperatives give cheap credit to rural people for agricultural implements, cultivation, trade, fishing and house construction, which supports rural development.
  1 mark
3. (36.3) (i) The members' own savings and contributions.
  1 mark
4. (ii) Loans taken from banks (interest earned on loans given to members is also accepted).
  1 mark
Answer: (36.1) Formal source; (36.2) provides cheap loans for farming, trade, fishery and housing; (36.3) members' contributions and bank loans.
Where the marks are
- Formal source of credit (1 mark)
- Contribution to rural development (1 mark)
- First source of capital for SHGs (1 mark)
- Second source of capital for SHGs (1 mark)
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Section F

Map skill-based: 37(a) History 2 marks, 37(b) Geography 3 marks

Q37 · 5 marks · Map workNationalism in India
(Map skill-based question)
1. (a)
  Two places ‘A’ and ‘B’ have been marked on the given political outline map of India (on page 27). Identify them with the help of the following information and write their correct names on the lines drawn near them:
  A. The place where Gandhiji started Satyagraha for indigo peasants. (1)
  B. The place where Gandhiji broke the Salt Law. (1)
  2 marks
2. (b)
  On the same political outline map of India, locate and label any three of the following with suitable symbols: (3×1=3)
  (i) Naharkatiya – Oil field
  (ii) Talcher – Major Coal Mines
  (iii) Narora – Atomic Power Plant
  (iv) Tuticorin – Major Sea Port
  3 marks
Figure in the paper: Political outline map of India (on page 27 of the question paper) with two places marked as ‘A’ and ‘B’ for identification. Candidates write names on the lines drawn near them. The map is used for locating Naharkatiya (oil field), Talcher (major coal mines), Narora (atomic power plant) and Tuticorin (major sea port). See it in the official paper.
Try it first, then show our solutionSolution
1. (a) A is Champaran, in Bihar, where Gandhiji started Satyagraha for indigo peasants. Write 'Champaran' on the line near A.
  1 mark
2. (a) B is Dandi, in Gujarat, where Gandhiji broke the Salt Law. Write 'Dandi' on the line near B.
  1 mark
3. (b) Mark and label any three of the four places on the outline map. Naharkatia is an oil field in Assam, in the north-east. Talcher is a coal mine in Odisha, in the east. Narora is an atomic power plant in western Uttar Pradesh. Tuticorin is a sea port on the south-east coast of Tamil Nadu. Use the correct symbol for each, and give 1 mark for each correct location and label.
  3 marks
Answer: A – Champaran; B – Dandi. In (b), any three of Naharkatia (Assam), Talcher (Odisha), Narora (Uttar Pradesh) and Tuticorin (Tamil Nadu) are to be located and labelled.
Where the marks are
- A identified as Champaran (1 mark)
- B identified as Dandi (1 mark)
- Each correct location and label in (b), up to 3 places (3 marks)
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Source: official question paper, cbse.gov.in. Chapter tags and solutions are ours. Spotted a transcription error? Write tosupport@questionbuddy.in.