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CBSE Class 10 Social Science Sample Paper 2025-26 Solved

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Social ScienceCBSE Class 10 · Sample paper, session 2025-26

CBSE Class 10 Social Science: sample paper 2025-26

The sample question paper CBSE published for the 2025-26 session, as printed: 38 questions for 80 marks, in sections, with each OR choice shown as an alternative. Try each question first, then open our solution.

Every question here has our step-by-step solution, split into the steps that earn marks. Each one was checked by an independent re-solve from the question paper.

Source: official sample question paper from cbseacademic.nic.in: https://cbseacademic.nic.in/web_material/SQP/ClassX_2025_26/SocialScience-SQP.pdf. Questions are transcribed from that PDF; figures are described in words, so check the official paper for them. Questions printed only for visually impaired candidates are left out (4).

Practise a paper like this, timedMy board paper sets a full paper in this exact format from real board questions, with a timer.Get your written answers markedThe Answer Coach marks a photo of your handwritten answer step by step, like the examiner.

How the paper is set

SectionQuestionsWhat it has
A1-9A-History (20 marks): MCQs, VSA, SA, LA, CBQ and a map question (Q9, 2 marks)
B10-19B-Geography (20 marks): MCQs, VSA, SA, LA, CBQ and a map question (Q19, 3 marks)
C20-28C-Political Science (20 marks): MCQs, assertion-reason, VSA, SA, LA and CBQ
D29-38D-Economics (20 marks): MCQs, VSA, SA, LA and internal choices

Instructions in brief: All 38 questions are compulsory with no overall choice; internal choice (OR) is given in a few questions, of which only one alternative is to be attempted. Separate questions are provided for Visually Impaired candidates in lieu of questions with visual inputs or maps.

Section A

A-History (20 marks): MCQs, VSA, SA, LA, CBQ and a map question (Q9, 2 marks)

  1. Q1 · 1 mark · MCQThe Rise of Nationalism in Europe

    Match the following and Choose the correct option.

    COLUMN ICOLUMN II
    AFrederic Sorrieu1Torch of enlightenments
    BStatue of Liberty2Shattered remains of absolutist Institutions
    CForeground in front of the Statue of Liberty3Democratic and Social Republics
    DSorrieu's utopian vision.4French Artist
    1. (A)A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3
    2. (B)A-2, B-4, C-4, D-1
    3. (C)A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
    4. (D)A-4, B-1, C-3, D-4
    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Frederic Sorrieu was a French artist (A-4). The Statue of Liberty carries the torch of enlightenment (B-1). The foreground shows the shattered remains of absolutist institutions (C-2). His utopian vision was of Democratic and Social Republics (D-3).

      1 mark

    Answer: A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3, option (A)

    Where the marks are

    • Correct matching A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3 (1 mark)

  2. Q2 · 1 mark · MCQCompetency-basedNationalism in India

    Identify and name the leader shown in the picture given below:

    1. (A)Lala Lajpat Rai
    2. (B)Bal Gangadhar Tilak
    3. (C)Gopal Krishan Gokhale
    4. (D)Raja Rammohan Roy

    Figure in the paper: Painting (source: India and the Contemporary World-II, NCERT). A standing man in a red turban and white kurta/dhoti with red footwear, one hand resting on a table with books and papers, a wooden chair beside him. The painting has an ornate decorative floral border with small vignettes of figures and buildings at the corners. Caption printed below: 'Source-India and the Contemporary World-II, NCERT'. See it in the official paper.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. The NCERT painting shows Bal Gangadhar Tilak in a red turban with books and papers. He was an Extremist leader of the Congress.

      1 mark

    Answer: Bal Gangadhar Tilak, option (B)

    Where the marks are

    • Identifies Bal Gangadhar Tilak (1 mark)

  3. Q3 · 1 mark · MCQThe Making of a Global World

    Thousands of people fled Europe for America in the 19th century due to -

    1. (A)Widespread poverty and deadly diseases
    2. (B)Frequent famines and poor living conditions
    3. (C)Continuous wars and political instability
    4. (D)Harsh climate and repeated natural disasters
    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. In the 19th century, widespread poverty and deadly diseases in Europe drove thousands to emigrate to America.

      1 mark

    Answer: Option (A)

    Where the marks are

    • Widespread poverty and deadly diseases (1 mark)

  4. Q4 · 1 mark · MCQCompetency-basedPrint Culture and the Modern World

    Louise-Sebastien Mercier proclaimed "Tremble, therefore, tyrants of the world! Tremble before the virtual writer!" Who are referred to as the tyrants in this context?

    1. (A)Educated classes who wanted to change the society
    2. (B)Absolutist institutions like monarchy and church
    3. (C)Authors of the new books
    4. (D)Printing press
    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Mercier believed that books and printing would free people from despotism. The tyrants he meant were absolutist institutions such as the monarchy and the church.

      1 mark

    Answer: Option (B)

    Where the marks are

    • Tyrants are absolutist institutions, monarchy and church (1 mark)

  5. Answer one of these 2 alternatives.

    Q5(A) · 2 marks · Very short answerThe Making of a Global World

    "The Silk route was a good example of vibrant pre-modern trade and cultural links between distant parts of the world." Explain the statement with any two examples.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. The Silk Routes were a network of land and sea routes linking Asia with Europe and northern Africa. They existed before the Christian Era and thrived till about the fifteenth century. They show vibrant pre-modern trade.

      1 mark

    2. Goods and cultures travelled along them. Chinese silk and pottery went west, and textiles and spices from India and Southeast Asia travelled the same routes. Gold and silver flowed from Europe in return. Along with these goods, ideas, religions and art spread, e.g. Buddhism spread from India to Asia, which shows the cultural links.

      1 mark

    Answer: The Silk Routes carried silk, pottery, textiles, spices and precious metals, and also spread religions and ideas, linking distant regions.

    Where the marks are

    • Silk Routes linked Asia, Europe and northern Africa, and existed from before the Christian Era to about the 15th century (1 mark)
    • Chinese pottery, Indian textiles and spices travelled one way, and gold and silver the other; cultural exchange such as the spread of Buddhism (1 mark)

    Open Q5(A) on its own page

    OR

    Q5(B) · 2 marks · Very short answerThe Making of a Global World

    'Sometimes the new crops could make the difference between life and death.' Explain the statement with any two examples.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. New crops could decide between life and death. Example 1: the introduction of the humble potato in Europe helped the poor to eat better, eat well and live longer.

      1 mark

    2. Example 2: Ireland's poor peasants became so dependent on potatoes that when disease destroyed the potato crop in the mid-1840s (Irish Potato Famine), hundreds of thousands died of starvation.

      1 mark

    Answer: Potato improved diet and life expectancy of Europe's poor, but its blight in Ireland (1840s) caused mass starvation.

    Where the marks are

    • Potato improved nutrition and longevity of Europe's poor (1 mark)
    • Irish potato blight of mid-1840s caused death of hundreds of thousands (1 mark)

    Open Q5(B) on its own page

  6. Answer one of these 2 alternatives.

    Q6(A) · 3 marks · Short answerNationalism in India

    'A variety of cultural processes played an important role in developing a sense of nationalism in India'. Support the statement with suitable examples.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Image of Bharat Mata: India's identity was linked to the figure of Bharat Mata, first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay; Abanindranath Tagore painted her as a calm, divine, spiritual ascetic figure.

      1 mark

    2. Songs and folklore: 'Vande Mataram', from Bankim Chandra's novel Anandamath, was sung widely in the Swadeshi movement. Nationalists collected folk tales, ballads and songs (Tagore in Bengal, Natesa Sastri's 'The Folklore of Southern India' in Madras), restoring pride in the past.

      1 mark

    3. Flags and history: The Swadeshi tricolour of Bengal and Gandhiji's 1921 Swaraj flag with the spinning wheel became symbols of defiance. Reinterpretation of history made Indians proud of past achievements in art, science, religion and law, inspiring struggle against British rule.

      1 mark

    Answer: Bharat Mata image, songs, folklore, flags and reinterpretation of history built nationalism.

    Where the marks are

    • Any three cultural processes, each with a supporting example (1 mark each)

    Open Q6(A) on its own page

    OR

    Q6(B) · 3 marks · Short answerNationalism in India

    Salt March 'became an effective tool of resistance against colonialism.' Analyse the statement with suitable reasons.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Gandhiji saw in salt a powerful symbol that could unite the nation, since it was consumed by rich and poor alike and the salt tax hit everyone.

      1 mark

    2. Among the eleven demands in his letter to Viceroy Irwin, the most stirring was abolition of the salt tax. Irwin's refusal to negotiate led Gandhiji to start the Salt March, which thousands joined, spreading nationalist feeling.

      1 mark

    3. People across the country broke the salt law, made salt and demonstrated at government salt factories. They also refused to pay taxes, picketed liquor shops, boycotted foreign cloth, resigned from government jobs and violated forest laws, showing unity against colonial rule.

      1 mark

    Answer: Salt, a universal necessity taxed by the government, united all Indians and made defiance of the colonial law mass-based.

    Where the marks are

    • Salt as unifying symbol consumed by all (1 mark)
    • Eleven demands, salt tax, Irwin's refusal and the Salt March (1 mark)
    • Salt law broken and wider non-cooperation across the country (1 mark)

    Open Q6(B) on its own page

  7. Answer one of these 2 alternatives.

    Q7(A) · 5 marks · Long answerThe Rise of Nationalism in Europe

    'In Britain the formation of the nation-state was not the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution but was the result of a long-drawn-out process.' Analyse this statement with suitable reasons.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. The British nation-state did not emerge from a sudden revolution. People of the British Isles had primary ethnic identities: English, Welsh, Scot or Irish.

      1 mark

    2. The Act of Union (1707) created the 'United Kingdom of Great Britain'. England imposed its influence on Scotland and suppressed Scotland's distinctive culture and political institutions.

      1 mark

    3. Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak Gaelic or wear their national dress, and many were forcibly driven from their homeland.

      1 mark

    4. England helped Protestants of Ireland establish dominance over the largely Catholic country. Catholic revolts were crushed and Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the UK in 1801.

      1 mark

    5. The British flag, national anthem and English language were actively promoted, and the older nations survived only as subordinate partners in the union.

      1 mark

    Answer: British nation-state was built gradually through the 1707 Act of Union, suppression of Scottish and Irish identities, the 1801 union and promotion of common British symbols.

    Where the marks are

    • Ethnic identities, no sudden revolution (1 mark)
    • Act of Union 1707, Scotland suppressed (1 mark)
    • Highlanders' Gaelic and dress banned (1 mark)
    • Ireland: Protestants helped, 1801 union (1 mark)
    • New British symbols; older nations subordinate (1 mark)

    Open Q7(A) on its own page

    OR

    Q7(B) · 5 marks · Long answerThe Rise of Nationalism in Europe

    'The Treaty of Vienna was drawn up in 1815 with the object of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars.' Highlight the significant provisions of this treaty.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. The Bourbon dynasty, deposed in the French Revolution, was restored to power, and France lost the territories annexed under Napoleon.

      1 mark

    2. States were set up on France's borders to prevent future French expansion: the Kingdom of the Netherlands (including Belgium) in the north and Genoa added to Piedmont in the south.

      1 mark

    3. Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontier, and Austria was given control of northern Italy.

      1 mark

    4. The German Confederation of 39 states set up by Napoleon was left untouched. In the east, Russia got part of Poland and Prussia a portion of Saxony.

      1 mark

    5. The main intention was to restore the monarchies overthrown by Napoleon and create a new conservative order in Europe.

      1 mark

    Answer: Treaty of Vienna (1815) restored Bourbons, set up buffer states around France, redistributed territories to Prussia, Austria and Russia, kept the German Confederation, and aimed at a conservative order.

    Where the marks are

    • Bourbon restoration, France's losses (1 mark)
    • Buffer states: Netherlands, Genoa-Piedmont (1 mark)
    • Prussia and Austria gains (1 mark)
    • German Confederation; Russia and Prussia in the east (1 mark)
    • Aim: restore monarchies, conservative order (1 mark)

    Open Q7(B) on its own page

  8. Q8 · 4 marks · Case-basedCompetency-basedPrint Culture and the Modern World

    Read the given text and answer the following questions:

    Why Newspapers?

    Krishnaji Trimbuck Ranade inhabitant of Poona intends to publish a Newspaper in the Marathi Language with a view of affording useful information on every topic of local interest. It will be open for free discussion on subjects of general utility, scientific investigation and the speculations connected with the antiquities, statistics, curiosities, history and geography of the country and of the Deccan especially... the patronage and support of all interested in the diffusion of knowledge and Welfare of the People is earnestly solicited.

    Bombay Telegraph and Courier, 6 January 1849

    "The task of the native newspapers and political associations is identical to the role of the Opposition in the House of Commons in Parliament in England. That is to critically examine government policy to suggest improvements, by removing those parts that will not be to the benefit of the people, and also by ensuring speedy implementation.

    These associations ought to carefully study the particular issues, gather diverse relevant information on the nation as well as on what are the possible and desirable improvements, and this will surely earn it considerable influence".

    Source: Native Opinion, 3 April 1870

    1. 8.1

      Explain the main reason for publishing newspapers by Krishna ji.

      1 mark
    2. 8.2

      How was the task of native newspaper and political association seen identical to the role of the opposition?

      1 mark
    3. 8.3

      Analyze the reasons for the popularity of newspapers during the 19th century.

      2 marks
    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. (8.1) Krishnaji wanted to give the public useful information on local topics such as politics, science, history and geography, and to spread knowledge and the welfare of the people.

      1 mark

    2. (8.2) Like the Opposition in the House of Commons, native newspapers and political associations critically examined government policy, suggested improvements and urged speedy implementation.

      1 mark

    3. (8.3) (i) Political developments interested a large part of society, and newspapers presented this information effectively.

      1 mark

    4. (ii) Newspapers became a source of information on social, cultural and scientific developments and a platform for discussion and debate.

      1 mark

    Answer: (8.1) To inform people on topics of local interest and spread knowledge; (8.2) both critically examined government policy and suggested improvements; (8.3) interest in political developments and newspapers as source of social, cultural, scientific news.

    Where the marks are

    • Reason for Krishnaji's paper (1 mark)
    • Identical role to Opposition (1 mark)
    • Two reasons for popularity (1 mark each)

    Open Q8 on its own page

  9. Q9 · 2 marks · Map workNationalism in India

    Two places A and B have been marked on the given outline map of India. Identify them and write their correct names on the lines marked on the map.

    1. A)

      The place where the Civil Disobedience Movement was launched.

      1 mark
    2. B)

      The city where Indian National Congress session was held in September 1920.

      1 mark

    Figure in the paper: Outline map of India (Survey of India, scale 1:16M) with latitude and longitude marks. Two horizontal lines are drawn and labelled A (near 20°N on the western coast, Gujarat area) and B (near 20°N on the eastern side, Odisha/West Bengal area). Students write the names of the places on the lines. See it in the official paper.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. A: Dandi (Gujarat), where Gandhiji broke the salt law in 1930 to launch the Civil Disobedience Movement.

      1 mark

    2. B: Calcutta (Kolkata), where the Congress session of September 1920 adopted the Non-Cooperation programme.

      1 mark

    Answer: A - Dandi; B - Calcutta (Kolkata)

    Where the marks are

    • Identifies A as Dandi (1 mark)
    • Identifies B as Calcutta (1 mark)

    Open Q9 on its own page

Section B

B-Geography (20 marks): MCQs, VSA, SA, LA, CBQ and a map question (Q19, 3 marks)

  1. Q10 · 1 mark · MCQResources and Development

    What is essential for resource development to contribute to overall development?

    1. (A)The availability of resources alone is enough.
    2. (B)The presence of foreign invaders and their governance.
    3. (C)Technological development and institutional changes.
    4. (D)Only human resources can contribute to development.
    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Resources contribute to development only when accompanied by appropriate technological development and institutional changes.

      1 mark

    Answer: Option (C)

    Where the marks are

    • Technological development and institutional changes (1 mark)

  2. Q11 · 1 mark · MCQResources and Development

    Identify the appropriate option to fill in the empty boxes:

    Classification of Soils

    Alluvial??
    Ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other cereal and pulse crops.Ideal for growing cottonsuitable for crops like cashew nut.
    1. (A)Black soil, Red and Yellow soils
    2. (B)Laterite soil, Black soil.
    3. (C)Red & Yellow soils & Black soil.
    4. (D)Black soil & Laterite soil.

    Figure in the paper: A flow-style chart titled 'Classification of Soils' with a box connected to a table: first column heading 'Alluvial' (with a description of its use for sugarcane, paddy, wheat, cereals and pulses); second and third column headings are empty boxes marked '?', with the second described as ideal for cotton and the third as suitable for crops like cashew nut. See it in the official paper.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Black soil is ideal for cotton. Laterite soil is suitable for cashew nut.

      1 mark

    Answer: Black soil and Laterite soil, option (D)

    Where the marks are

    • Black soil for cotton, laterite for cashew (1 mark)

  3. Q12 · 1 mark · MCQCompetency-basedForest and Wildlife Resources

    A total of 628 tigers died in India during the past five years due to natural causes and other reasons, including poaching, according to government data. Meanwhile, 349 people were killed in tiger attacks during this period, with one state alone recording 200 deaths.

    [source: https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/628-tigers-died-in-india-in-past-five-years-govt-data/1685133t/]

    Which of the following is the most significant indirect consequence of poaching on the tiger population?

    1. (A)Reduction in the prey species, dwindling tiger's food supply.
    2. (B)Increase in human-wildlife conflicts in protected areas
    3. (C)Rise in the tiger population.
    4. (D)Decrease in tourism revenue in national parks
    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Poaching also reduces prey species, so tigers have less food. This is an indirect effect on the tiger population.

      1 mark

    Answer: Option (A)

    Where the marks are

    • Prey reduction leads to food shortage (1 mark)

  4. Q13 · 1 mark · MCQCompetency-basedForest and Wildlife Resources

    Based on the classification of forests, which of the following statements would most likely apply to places like Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh, and Kerala etc.?

    1. (A)These places mostly have forests managed as reserved or protected forests for conservation.
    2. (B)They rely on unclassed forests and local community management for forest conservation.
    3. (C)They have forest resources and primarily focus on industrial development.
    4. (D)There are no classified forests and forest management is entirely left to private ownership.
    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. These states have a large share of their forest area as reserved or protected forests, which are kept for conservation.

      1 mark

    Answer: Option (A)

    Where the marks are

    • Mostly reserved or protected forests (1 mark)

  5. Q14 · 1 mark · MCQWater Resources

    Which one of the following states has made roof top water harvesting compulsory in India?

    1. (A)Haryana
    2. (B)Punjab
    3. (C)Assam
    4. (D)Tamil Nadu.
    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Tamil Nadu is the first state to make rooftop rainwater harvesting compulsory for all houses.

      1 mark

    Answer: Tamil Nadu, option (D)

    Where the marks are

    • Tamil Nadu (1 mark)

  6. Q15 · 1 mark · MCQWater Resources

    Which of the following statements best evaluates the overall goal of the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchaee Yojana?

    1. (A)Addressing the negative ecological effects of large dams by reducing water usage.
    2. (B)To provide better irrigation systems and sustainable water conservation practices for farmers.
    3. (C)Shifting farmers from traditional crops to more commercial, water-intensive crops.
    4. (D)Preserve the natural river flow and prevent the fragmentation of aquatic ecosystems.
    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. PMKSY aims to improve irrigation access and promote sustainable water conservation practices for farmers.

      1 mark

    Answer: Option (B)

    Where the marks are

    • Better irrigation and water conservation (1 mark)

  7. Q16 · 2 marks · Very short answerCompetency-basedAgriculture

    Rice is grown as a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, but as a subsistence crop in Odisha. Using your understanding of geographical factors and economic practices, explain why rice cultivation differs in these regions.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Climate and irrigation: Punjab and Haryana have well-developed canal and tubewell irrigation and use high-yielding varieties, so large surpluses are grown commercially. Odisha's rice is mostly rain-fed monsoon farming, mainly for local consumption.

      1 mark

    2. Economic factors: Punjab and Haryana have government procurement, markets and transport that help sell surplus rice; Odisha has traditional small holdings and limited market access, so rice stays a subsistence crop.

      1 mark

    Answer: Assured irrigation, modern methods and market access make rice commercial in Punjab and Haryana; rain-fed, traditional, small-scale farming keeps it subsistence in Odisha.

    Where the marks are

    • One climate or irrigation reason (1 mark)
    • One economic or market reason (1 mark)

    Open Q16 on its own page

  8. Answer one of these 2 alternatives.

    Q17(A) · 5 marks · Long answerCompetency-basedMinerals and Energy Resources

    Person P is willing to establish a mineral based industry. He has been advised to set up a bauxite industry in Odisha as a suitable way to make a profitable venture. Analyse the possible reasons behind the advice given to her.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Odisha was the largest bauxite-producing state in India in 2016-17, so raw material is plentiful and close to the industry.

      1 mark

    2. Panchpatmali deposits in Koraput district are the most important bauxite deposits in the state, giving a dependable, concentrated supply.

      1 mark

    3. Aluminium is important because it combines the strength of iron with extreme lightness, so demand is high.

      1 mark

    4. It is a good substitute for other metals, with good conductivity.

      1 mark

    5. It is also highly malleable, so it has varied uses and a ready market, making the venture profitable.

      1 mark

    Answer: Odisha has the largest bauxite reserves (Panchpatmali, Koraput), and aluminium's lightness, strength, conductivity and malleability ensure strong demand and profit.

    Where the marks are

    • Odisha largest bauxite producer (1 mark)
    • Panchpatmali deposits in Koraput (1 mark)
    • Strength with lightness (1 mark)
    • Conductivity or substitute for metals (1 mark)
    • Malleability and demand (1 mark)

    Open Q17(A) on its own page

    OR

    Q17(B) · 5 marks · Long answerMinerals and Energy Resources

    'Coal is the most important and abundant fossil fuel in India.' Justify the statement by evaluating the significant role it plays in the growth of the Indian economy in its different forms.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Significance: coal is used for power generation, to supply energy to industry and for domestic needs. India depends heavily on coal for its commercial energy, for example in metallurgy.

      2 marks

    2. Peat: formed from decaying plants in swamps, low carbon, high moisture, low heating capacity.

      1 mark

    3. Lignite: low-grade brown, soft coal with high moisture; main reserves at Neyveli, Tamil Nadu, used for electricity. Bituminous: buried deep and heated; most popular commercial coal; its high grade, metallurgical coal, is used for smelting iron in blast furnaces.

      1 mark

    4. Anthracite: the highest quality hard coal.

      1 mark

    Answer: Coal powers electricity, industry and homes; its forms are peat, lignite, bituminous and anthracite, each with distinct uses.

    Where the marks are

    • At least two roles of coal in the economy (2 marks)
    • Peat (1 mark)
    • Lignite and bituminous (1 mark)
    • Anthracite (1 mark)

    Open Q17(B) on its own page

  9. Q18 · 4 marks · Case-basedCompetency-basedManufacturing Industries

    Read the given text and answer the following questions:

    Global pollution is rising due to rapid economic growth, population increases, and insufficient environmental management. This poses serious health risks for people and ecosystems, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Contributing to these challenges, the global economy relies on deeply intertwined supply chains, sustained by more than 100 billion tons of raw materials entering the system each year. Intensive material consumption depletes natural resources and causes negative environmental impacts at every stage of the product lifecycle. Global waste is expected to increase to 3.4 billion tons by 2050.

    Pollution of all types hinders development outcomes. Exposure to air pollution, water pollution, and hazardous chemicals and wastes like mercury, lead and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) causes debilitating and fatal illnesses, creates harmful living conditions, and destroys ecosystems. Pollution undermines sustainable economic growth, exacerbates poverty and inequality in both urban and rural areas, and significantly contributes to climate change. Poor people, who cannot afford to protect themselves from the negative impacts of pollution, end up suffering the most.

    Pollution is the largest environmental cause of disease and premature death. It is estimated to be several times more deaths than from AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria combined. Global health crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, are reminders of the strong linkages between environment and health and of the need to address such linkages systematically.

    [Source: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/pollution]

    1. 18.1

      Why do you think is global waste expected to increase by 2050?

      1 mark
    2. 18.2

      How do manufacturing industries cause pollution of different types? Explain with examples.

      2 marks
    3. 18.3

      Is it correct to consider pollution as a possible cause for worsening of the current global trends of poverty and inequality? Justify.

      1 mark
    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. (18.1) Because of intensive production and consumption of materials, with rising population and economic growth.

      1 mark

    2. (18.2) Air pollution: factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants emit smoke and toxic gases. Water pollution: paper, chemical, textile and dyeing industries discharge dyes, acids and heavy metals like lead and mercury into rivers.

      1 mark

    3. Other types: thermal pollution from hot water released by factories and plants, soil pollution from dumped wastes, and noise pollution from machinery and generators (any one more with example).

      1 mark

    4. (18.3) Yes. The poor cannot afford protection from pollution and suffer illness and lost income, so poverty and inequality worsen.

      1 mark

    Answer: (18.1) Intensive material production and consumption; (18.2) air, water, thermal, soil and noise pollution; (18.3) Yes, the poor suffer most.

    Where the marks are

    • Reason for rising waste (1 mark)
    • Two types of industrial pollution with examples (2 marks)
    • Pollution worsens poverty and inequality (1 mark)

    Open Q18 on its own page

  10. Q19 · 3 marks · Map workLifelines of National Economy

    On the same outline map of India locate and label the following with suitable symbols:

    1. I.(p)

      The dam in the Sutlej-Beas river basin, which is being used both for hydel power production and irrigation.

      1 mark

    2. OR

      I.(q)

      The dam in the Mahanadi basin that integrates conservation of water with flood control.

      1 mark
    3. II.(i)

      A major sea port in West Bengal

      1 mark

    4. OR

      II.(ii)

      An international airport in Tamil Nadu

      1 mark

    5. OR

      II.(iii)

      An international airport in Punjab

      1 mark

    Figure in the paper: Outline map of India (same map as Q.9, Survey of India, scale 1:16M) with latitude/longitude grid. Part I is an OR choice between locating the Sutlej-Beas basin dam (p) or the Mahanadi basin dam (q). Part II asks to locate any two of: a major sea port in West Bengal, an international airport in Tamil Nadu, an international airport in Punjab. See it in the official paper.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Part I: (p) Bhakra Nangal Dam on the Sutlej in Punjab/Himachal border; (q) Hirakud Dam on the Mahanadi in Odisha. Mark and label the one attempted.

      1 mark

    2. Part II (any two): (i) Kolkata (Haldia) port in West Bengal; (ii) Chennai international airport in Tamil Nadu; (iii) Amritsar (Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee) airport in Punjab.

      2 marks

    Answer: I(p) Bhakra Nangal; I(q) Hirakud; II(i) Kolkata; II(ii) Chennai; II(iii) Amritsar

    Where the marks are

    • Correct dam located and labelled (1 mark)
    • Two correct locations in Part II (1 mark each)

    Open Q19 on its own page

Section C

C-Political Science (20 marks): MCQs, assertion-reason, VSA, SA, LA and CBQ

  1. Q20 · 1 mark · MCQPower-sharing

    Which of the following statement(s) are true with respect to the ethnic composition of Belgium?

    I. 59 percent of the total population of Belgium lives in the Wallonia region and speaks French.
    II. 40 percent live in the Flemish region and speak Dutch.
    III. One percent of the Belgians speak German.
    IV. In the capital city Brussels, 80 percent people speak French while 20 per cent are Dutch speaking.

    Choose the correct option:

    1. (A)I and II
    2. (B)III and IV
    3. (C)I, II and III
    4. (D)I and IV
    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Statement I is false because 59% live in the Flemish region and speak Dutch. Statement II is false because 40% live in Wallonia and speak French. Statement III is true, as 1% speak German. Statement IV is true, as 80% in Brussels speak French and 20% speak Dutch.

      1 mark

    Answer: III and IV, option (B)

    Where the marks are

    • Identifies III and IV as true (1 mark)

  2. Q21 · 1 mark · MCQCompetency-basedPolitical Parties

    The cartoon below depicts Germany's government that was formed after the 2005 elections. It included the two major parties of the country, namely the Christian Democratic Union and the Social Democratic Party. The two parties are historically competing with each other. Which of the following options best explains the cartoon?

    1. (A)Coalition Government.
    2. (B)Two Party System.
    3. (C)Democratic government.
    4. (D)Bi-party system.

    Figure in the paper: Black-and-white editorial cartoon (Source: Democratic Politics, NCERT; credit The Calgary Sun, Cagle Cartoons Inc.). A large old-fashioned car is shown from the front, with its grille and headlights visible and steering wheels inside, and the vehicle is labelled 'GERMAN GOVERNMENT' on its front. See it in the official paper.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Two rival parties joined to form the government after the 2005 election, which is a coalition government.

      1 mark

    Answer: Coalition Government, option (A)

    Where the marks are

    • Coalition government (1 mark)

  3. Q22 · 1 mark · MCQCompetency-basedFederalism

    Consider the following case and choose the correct option-

    Suppose the Government of India plans to issue new currency notes of different denominations in order to curb the influence of black money. The Government of one state is opposed to this policy of the Central Government. Can the state government stop the union government from implementing this policy?

    1. (A)Yes, because Currency is the subject of State List
    2. (B)No, because Currency is a subject of Union List
    3. (C)Yes, because the approval of both the governments is necessary to implement this change.
    4. (D)No, because any such change must be approved by the local government also.
    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Currency is in the Union List, so only the Centre can legislate on it. A state cannot stop the policy.

      1 mark

    Answer: No, because currency is a Union List subject, option (B)

    Where the marks are

    • Currency is a Union List subject (1 mark)

  4. Q23 · 1 mark · Assertion-reasonCompetency-basedGender, Religion and Caste

    Two statements are given as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Study the statements carefully and identify the correct alternative:

    ASSERTION (A): Exclusive attention to caste can produce negative results in democracy.

    REASON (R): It can divert attention from other important issues thus leading to tensions, conflicts and even violence.

    Choose the correct option:

    1. (A)Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
    2. (B)Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
    3. (C)A is true but R is false.
    4. (D)A is false but R is true
    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Both statements are true. Exclusive focus on caste diverts attention from other issues and causes tension and violence, so R explains A.

      1 mark

    Answer: Option (A)

    Where the marks are

    • A and R true, R explains A (1 mark)

  5. Q24 · 2 marks · Very short answerFederalism

    Highlight any two key features of federalism.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. There are two or more levels of government, each governing the same citizens but with its own jurisdiction in legislation, taxation and administration.

      1 mark

    2. Jurisdictions are specified in the constitution, and its fundamental provisions cannot be changed by one level alone; courts interpret powers and settle disputes between levels.

      1 mark

    Answer: Two or more tiers with constitutionally specified powers; courts act as umpire.

    Where the marks are

    • Any one feature (1 mark)
    • Any second feature (1 mark)

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  6. Q25 · 2 marks · Very short answerCompetency-basedGender, Religion and Caste

    'Women in India face discrimination, disadvantages and oppression in many ways.' Highlight any two aspects of life where you witness this inequality.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Education: female literacy is only 54% against 76% for men, as parents prefer spending on sons' education.

      1 mark

    2. Wages and jobs: women are paid less than men for equal work despite the Equal Wages Act, and have a small share in highly paid jobs. (Alternatively: preference for sons and declining child sex ratio, 927; workplace harassment and domestic violence.)

      1 mark

    Answer: Unequal education (literacy 54% vs 76%) and unequal pay and jobs.

    Where the marks are

    • First aspect with fact (1 mark)
    • Second aspect with fact (1 mark)

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  7. Q26 · 3 marks · Short answerOutcomes of Democracy

    'Democracy leads to peaceful and harmonious life among citizens in every sphere.' Support this statement with suitable arguments.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Democracy accommodates social divisions and has procedures such as elections and power-sharing to compete peacefully, so divisions seldom turn violent. Belgium solved its ethnic problems peacefully.

      1 mark

    2. It teaches respect for differences and peaceful conflict resolution, whereas non-democratic rulers suppress differences, as in Sri Lanka's majoritarian approach.

      1 mark

    3. Democracy is not mere majority rule; the majority must work with the minority, and no group is permanently excluded since different groups can form a majority in each election, ensuring harmony.

      1 mark

    Answer: Democracy handles social divisions peacefully through accommodation, power-sharing and protection of minorities.

    Where the marks are

    • Accommodates divisions, example Belgium (1 mark)
    • Respect for differences, peaceful conflict resolution (1 mark)
    • Majority works with minority, no permanent majority (1 mark)

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  8. Answer one of these 2 alternatives.

    Q27(A) · 5 marks · Long answerPolitical Parties

    'Political parties play a significant role in the effective working of a democracy.' Explain.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Parties contest elections: elections are fought mainly among candidates put up by parties; in India top leaders choose candidates.

      1 mark

    2. They put forward policies and programmes, grouping similar opinions to give direction to government policy.

      1 mark

    3. They play a decisive role in making laws, which are debated and passed in the legislature.

      1 mark

    4. Parties losing elections act as opposition, criticising the government's failures and wrong policies. The ruling party forms and runs the government.

      1 mark

    5. They shape public opinion by raising issues, and give people access to government machinery and welfare schemes, as it is easier to approach a local party leader than an officer.

      1 mark

    Answer: Parties contest elections, offer policies, make laws, act as opposition, shape opinion and link people to government.

    Where the marks are

    • Any five functions each explained (1 mark each)

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    OR

    Q27(B) · 5 marks · Long answerPolitical Parties

    Analyse how the issue of leadership succession poses a challenge to political parties in India.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Most parties lack open, transparent procedures, so an ordinary worker has very few ways to rise to the top.

      1 mark

    2. Those who become leaders have an unfair advantage and favour people close to them, even family members.

      1 mark

    3. Many Indian parties show dynastic succession, with top posts always held by members of one family, which is unfair to other members and bad for democracy.

      1 mark

    4. People without adequate experience or popular support thus come to occupy positions of power.

      1 mark

    5. Personal loyalty to the leader becomes more important than loyalty to party principles and policies, a trend seen even in older democracies.

      1 mark

    Answer: Lack of internal democracy leads to dynastic succession, favouritism, inexperienced leaders and personal loyalty over principles.

    Where the marks are

    • No transparent procedures (1 mark)
    • Leaders favour relatives (1 mark)
    • Dynastic succession (1 mark)
    • Inexperienced leaders in power (1 mark)
    • Personal loyalty over principles (1 mark)

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  9. Q28 · 4 marks · Case-basedCompetency-basedPower-sharing

    Read the given text and answer the following questions:

    Sri Lanka emerged as an independent country in 1948. The leaders of the Sinhala community sought to secure dominance over government by virtue of their majority. As a result, the democratically elected government adopted a series of MAJORITARIAN measures to establish Sinhala supremacy. Over the years, it created feelings of alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils. They felt that none of the major political parties led by the Buddhist Sinhala leaders was sensitive to their language and culture. As a result, the relations between the Sinhala and Tamil communities strained over time. On the other hand, the Belgian leaders took a different path. They recognised the existence of regional differences and cultural diversities. Between 1970 and 1993, they amended their constitution four times to work out an arrangement that would enable everyone to live together within the same country.

    Source-Adapted from Power Sharing, NCERT

    1. 28.1

      State any two demands of Tamils in Sri Lanka.

      1 mark
    2. 28.2

      State the results of the Majoritarian Government in Sri Lanka.

      1 mark
    3. 28.3

      Explain any two provisions of the Belgian model of power sharing.

      2 marks
    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. (28.1) Any two demands of Sri Lankan Tamils: recognition of Tamil as an official language; regional autonomy; equality of opportunity in education and jobs. (The scheme accepts any one for the 1 mark.)

      1 mark

    2. (28.2) Majoritarian rule created distrust and alienation between Sinhalas and Tamils, which grew into a civil war. Thousands of people from both communities were killed and many families fled the country as refugees.

      1 mark

    3. (28.3)(i) The Belgian Constitution requires equal numbers of Dutch- and French-speaking ministers in the central government. Some special laws need majority support from each linguistic group, so no community can decide unilaterally.

      1 mark

    4. (28.3)(ii) Many central powers were given to state governments of the two regions, which are not subordinate to the centre. Brussels has a separate government with equal representation of Dutch and French speakers. A third 'community government' is elected by each language community (Dutch, French, German) and handles cultural, educational and language issues. (Any one more provision for the second mark.)

      1 mark

    Answer: (28.1) Tamil as an official language; regional autonomy. (28.2) Distrust, civil war, deaths and refugees. (28.3) Equal Dutch and French ministers in the central government; community government for cultural, educational and language matters.

    Where the marks are

    • Any demand of Tamils (1 mark)
    • Results of majoritarian rule: distrust, civil war, deaths and refugees (1 mark)
    • First Belgian provision explained (1 mark)
    • Second Belgian provision explained (1 mark)

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Section D

D-Economics (20 marks): MCQs, VSA, SA, LA and internal choices

  1. Q29 · 1 mark · MCQSectors of the Indian Economy

    Underemployment is caused when -

    1. (A)More workers are employed than actually required
    2. (B)Fewer workers are employed than actually required
    3. (C)Workers are paid more than their actual output
    4. (D)Jobs are given only to highly educated workers
    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Underemployment means more people work than are needed, so some add nothing to output. This is disguised unemployment.

      1 mark

    Answer: Option (A)

    Where the marks are

    • More workers than required (1 mark)

  2. Q30 · 1 mark · MCQCompetency-basedDevelopment

    What can be inferred about the limitations of using per capita income (average income) to compare well-being across countries? Choose the correct option as the answer.

    1. (A)It shows how equally or unequally income is distributed among the people in a country.
    2. (B)The only measure needed to understand a country's development is Per capita income.
    3. (C)It gives a basic idea of economic well-being but hides the income inequality.
    4. (D)It only reflects the industrial growth of a country and does not consider other important factors.
    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Per capita income is an average. It gives a rough idea of well-being but hides inequality in income distribution.

      1 mark

    Answer: Option (C)

    Where the marks are

    • Average hides income inequality (1 mark)

  3. Q31 · 1 mark · MCQCompetency-basedSectors of the Indian Economy

    Which of the following examples best demonstrates how the tertiary sector supports both the primary and secondary sectors?

    1. (A)Farmers grow vegetables and sell them directly to consumers, with no transportation or storage involved.
    2. (B)A factory makes shoes and uses raw materials like leather to create the product, relying on transport and retail stores to distribute the shoes.
    3. (C)A bakery bakes bread and uses delivery services to send the bread to local shops for sale, without any direct involvement of raw materials.
    4. (D)A company produces furniture from wood, but does not require any transport or retail services to sell the product.
    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. The factory uses a primary product (leather) and a secondary process (making shoes). Transport and retail, which are tertiary services, then distribute the shoes.

      1 mark

    Answer: Option (B)

    Where the marks are

    • Shows tertiary services supporting primary and secondary sectors (1 mark)

  4. Q32 · 1 mark · MCQMoney and Credit

    Which one of the following issues currency notes in India?

    1. (A)Finance Ministry.
    2. (B)Reserve Bank of India.
    3. (C)State Bank of India.
    4. (D)Central Bank of India.
    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. The Reserve Bank of India issues currency notes on behalf of the central government.

      1 mark

    Answer: Reserve Bank of India, option (B)

    Where the marks are

    • RBI (1 mark)

  5. Q33 · 1 mark · MCQCompetency-basedMoney and Credit

    Person Z tries to explain how the requirement of a double coincidence of wants in a barter system limits trade and exchange. Which of the following justification do you think will be used by him/her?

    1. (A)It makes trade more complicated, as each person must have what the other person wants, limiting the pool of potential trade partners.
    2. (B)The barter system allows trade to be conducted more efficiently since both parties already know what they need from the transaction.
    3. (C)It increases the number of exchanges because each person can trade for exactly what they want.
    4. (D)The system creates value for goods by ensuring that both parties have a direct need for each other's goods.
    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Under barter, each party must want what the other has. This makes trade difficult and limits the possible partners.

      1 mark

    Answer: Option (A)

    Where the marks are

    • Double coincidence of wants limits trade partners (1 mark)

  6. Q34 · 1 mark · MCQGlobalisation and the Indian Economy

    Recognize and choose the option that correctly matches the effects and consequent outcomes of globalization.

    Column A (Effects of globalisation)Column B (Outcomes)
    1. Increased foreign investmenti. Expansion of global markets and access to technology
    2. Cultural exchange and awarenessii. Loss of traditional jobs due to automation and cheaper labor elsewhere
    3. Techonological exchange and awarenessiii. Spread of cultural practices, ideas, and values across borders
    4. Growth of multinational corporationsiv. Large companies becoming dominant players in global markets

    Choose the correct option:

    1. (A)1-iii, 2-ii, 3-i, 4-iv
    2. (B)1-iv, 2-ii, 3-i, 4-iii
    3. (C)1-ii, 2-iv, 3-iii, 4-i
    4. (D)1-i, 2-iii, 3-ii, 4-iv
    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Foreign investment leads to expansion of global markets (1-i). Cultural exchange spreads cultural practices (2-iii). Technological exchange can cause loss of traditional jobs (3-ii). MNC growth makes big companies dominant (4-iv).

      1 mark

    Answer: 1-i, 2-iii, 3-ii, 4-iv, option (D)

    Where the marks are

    • Correct matching 1-i, 2-iii, 3-ii, 4-iv (1 mark)

  7. Q35 · 3 marks · Short answerDevelopment

    Evaluate the utility of public services in contributing to the overall well-being of individuals and society.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Healthcare: Accessible public healthcare keeps the population healthy and productive. It lowers mortality, protects the workforce and raises life expectancy, so people can contribute to the economy. Without it, disease burden and economic inefficiency rise.

      1½ marks

    2. Education and skill development / sanitation and water: Public education gives equal learning opportunities to all regardless of class. It raises literacy, skills and innovation, supporting growth, lower inequality and social cohesion. Similarly, clean water and sanitation prevent diseases such as cholera and dysentery and cut health costs.

      1½ marks

    Answer: Public services such as healthcare, education, sanitation and infrastructure improve health, skills, productivity and equality, and so promote the well-being of individuals and society.

    Where the marks are

    • First public service with its utility explained (1.5 marks)
    • Second public service with its utility explained (1.5 marks)

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  8. Q36 · 3 marks · Short answerMoney and Credit

    'Expanding access to loans in the formal sector is important, yet it is equally critical that these loans are accessible to all people for national development.' Justify the statement.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Informal loans carry high interest, so a large part of the borrower's income goes to repayment and little is left for the household. Sometimes the repayment exceeds income, leading to a debt trap, as with Rama in Sonpur.

      1 mark

    2. High cost of borrowing also discourages people from starting enterprises. Banks and cooperatives must therefore lend more, and to all sections including the poor.

      1 mark

    3. Cheap, affordable formal credit lets people grow crops, do business and set up small industries. This raises incomes, employment and production, and is crucial for national development.

      1 mark

    Answer: Affordable formal credit for all frees borrowers from debt traps and high interest, raises incomes and enterprise, and so supports national development.

    Where the marks are

    • High informal interest reduces income and causes debt trap (1 mark)
    • High cost deters enterprise, so formal lending is needed (1 mark)
    • Cheap credit for all raises income and development (1 mark)

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  9. Q37 · 3 marks · Short answerGlobalisation and the Indian Economy

    Highlight the significant three factors that have contributed to the growth of globalisation.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Technology: Rapid improvements in transportation technology made long-distance movement of goods cheaper and faster. Information and communication technology (telecom, computers, internet) links distant producers and markets.

      1 mark

    2. Liberalisation: Removal of trade barriers and relaxed foreign investment policy let goods and capital move freely and encouraged MNCs to set up units abroad.

      1 mark

    3. Movement of goods, services and people: Greater flow of goods, services and people between countries deepened integration of economies.

      1 mark

    Answer: Technology (transport and ICT), liberalisation of foreign trade and investment policy, and increased movement of goods, services and people.

    Where the marks are

    • Technology factor explained (1 mark)
    • Liberalisation explained (1 mark)
    • Third factor explained (1 mark)

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  10. Answer one of these 2 alternatives.

    Q38(A) · 5 marks · Long answerCompetency-basedSectors of the Indian Economy

    A research student spoke with two people, M and N to learn about their work-related differences. On the basis of the interview conducted with both of them, the student concludes that while person M was working in an organized sector, person N was an employee of a workplace that was functioning in an unorganised way. Analyse the key differences between the two sectors that must have enabled the research student to come to this conclusion.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Employment security: M has regular, assured work with fixed terms. N's work is low-paid and irregular, often seasonal, and N can be dismissed without reason.

      1 mark

    2. Government regulation: M's enterprise is registered and follows laws such as the Factories Act and Minimum Wages Act. N's sector is largely outside government control with few legal protections.

      1 mark

    3. Benefits: M gets paid leave, holidays, provident fund, gratuity, medical benefits and overtime pay. N gets none of these.

      1 mark

    4. Working conditions and retirement: M has fixed working hours, a safe workplace and pension after retirement. N depends on the employer's whims, and jobs are small ones such as street vending or repair.

      1 mark

    5. Conclusion: These contrasts in security, regulation and benefits show that M works in the organised sector and N in the unorganised sector.

      1 mark

    Answer: M (organised) has secure regular work, regulation, benefits and pension; N (unorganised) has irregular, insecure, unregulated work with no benefits.

    Where the marks are

    • Employment security contrast (1 mark)
    • Government regulation contrast (1 mark)
    • Benefits contrast (1 mark)
    • Working conditions and retirement contrast (1 mark)
    • Conclusion linking to the sectors (1 mark)

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    OR

    Q38(B) · 5 marks · Long answerGlobalisation and the Indian Economy

    Privatisation can have both positive and negative effects on the economy. Support the statement with argument.

    Try it first, then show our solutionSolution

    1. Positive – efficiency: Private firms, driven by profit and competition, raise efficiency and productivity.

      1 mark

    2. Positive – quality and burden: Services improve in quality, and the government's financial burden is reduced.

      1 mark

    3. Negative – welfare: Profit being the only motive, public welfare is neglected and poor people cannot access basic facilities.

      1 mark

    4. Negative – jobs: Workers lose employment security, as private firms can hire and fire freely.

      1 mark

    5. Negative – inequality and accountability: The gap between rich and poor widens, and government accountability falls.

      1 mark

    Answer: Privatisation raises efficiency, quality and reduces government burden, but it can harm public welfare, job security and equality.

    Where the marks are

    • Any 5 points with at least 2 positive and 2 negative effects (1 mark each)

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Source: official sample paper, cbseacademic.nic.in. Chapter tags and solutions are ours. Spotted a transcription error? Write tosupport@questionbuddy.in.