CBSE Class 10 Social Science: 2023 board paper, set 32/6/1

1. Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of unified Italy, so (a)-IV. Mazzini founded Young Italy, so (b)-II. Garibaldi conquered the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, so (c)-III. Cavour was Chief Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont, so (d)-I. This is option (C).

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Answer: Option (C): (a)-IV, (b)-II, (c)-III, (d)-I

1. The Bengal Gazette, the first Indian weekly newspaper, was brought out by Gangadhar Bhattacharya, a former employee of the East India Company. Hence option (C).

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Answer: Option (C) Gangadhar Bhattacharya

1. Railways needed rails, locomotives and carriages, so the iron and steel industries grew in England between the 1840s and 1860s. Hence option (A).

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Answer: Option (A) Iron and Steel

1. In the 19th century, poverty and disease in Europe pushed many people to flee to America in search of a better life. Hence option (A).

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Answer: Option (A) Poverty and diseases

1. Rice is a staple, Kharif crop needing high temperature, high humidity and over 100 cm of rainfall. Hence option (C).

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Answer: Option (C) Rice

1. Mahanadi has Hirakud (2), Narmada has Sardar Sarovar (1), Chambal has Rana Pratap Sagar (4), Chenab has Salal (3). This is option (C).

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Answer: Option (C): I-2, II-1, III-4, IV-3

1. Laterite soil is found in the Western Ghats and other high-rainfall hilly areas. The other pairs are wrong: alluvial soil is found in the northern plains, black soil in the Deccan and arid soil in Rajasthan. Hence option (D).

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Answer: Option (D) Laterite Soil - Western Ghats

1. The World Bank publishes the World Development Report. Hence option (A).

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Answer: Option (A) World Bank

1. NITI Aayog replaced the Planning Commission in 2015. Hence option (A).

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Answer: Option (A) Planning Commission

1. Average = total income ÷ number of families = (6000 + 4000 + 7000 + 3000) ÷ 4 = 20000 ÷ 4 = ₹5,000. Option (A).

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Answer: ₹5,000, option (A)

1. In joint production the MNC often provides money for faster production and modern technology to the local company. Hence option (A).

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Answer: Option (A)

1. Banking is a service, so it belongs to the tertiary sector. The other pairs are wrong: a money lender is not primary sector, a priest is not secondary sector, and a gardener is not manufacturing. Hence option (C).

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Answer: Option (C) Tertiary Sector - Bank

1. A daily wage labourer working under a contractor has no job security or fixed terms, so this is unorganised sector work. The other options are regular, protected jobs. Hence option (D).

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Answer: Option (D)

1. In an SHG, members themselves decide on savings and loans, and on the rate of interest. Hence option (D).

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Answer: Option (D) Members of SHG

1. Power sharing reduces conflict among social groups (II) and ensures the stability of the political order (III). I describes majoritarianism, which power sharing opposes, and IV is wrong. Hence option (B).

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Answer: Option (B) II and III

1. A is true: parties are essential to how democracy functions. R is false: parties are formed by people or groups with shared political views, not made by the media. So option (C).

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Answer: Option (C)

1. Computer software (E-programming) is a residuary subject (4), police is on the State List (3), education is on the Concurrent List (1) and defence is on the Union List (2). Hence option (A).

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Answer: Option (A): I-4, II-3, III-1, IV-2

1. China has a one-party system, in which the Communist Party of China rules. India, Pakistan and America allow multiple parties or have two main parties. Hence option (A).

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Answer: Option (A) China

1. India is secular: it has no official religion, communities are free to practise their religion, and the State aids their educational institutions. Statement IV (theocracy) is false. Hence option (A).

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Answer: Option (A) I, II and III

1. Among the options, Sweden has the highest share of women in its national parliament, much higher than India, Russia or Australia. Hence option (C).

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Answer: Option (C) Sweden

1. Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century. The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked a Greek struggle for independence that began in 1821.

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2. Exiled Greeks and many West Europeans who admired ancient Greek culture supported the nationalists. Poets and artists praised Greece as the cradle of European civilisation and mobilised public opinion against the Ottoman empire. Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople (1832) recognised Greece as an independent nation.

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Answer: Greek struggle (from 1821), backed by exiles and West European public opinion, led Europe to recognise Greece as independent through the Treaty of Constantinople, 1832.

1. The Government set up the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), agricultural universities and veterinary services, which carry out research and spread improved farming methods.

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2. It improved rural infrastructure and supported horticulture development, animal breeding centres and weather forecasting research, and launched initiatives under the Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan to strengthen agriculture.

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Answer: Setting up ICAR, agricultural universities and veterinary services; improving rural infrastructure and horticulture/animal breeding/meteorology support.

1. Rabi crops are sown in winter, from October to December, and harvested in summer, from April to June.

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2. Important rabi crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard. They are grown mainly in the north and north-western states such as Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh.

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Answer: Sown October–December and harvested April–June; crops include wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard, grown mainly in northern and north-western states.

1. Every political party in the country has to register with the Election Commission, which also allots each party a unique symbol.

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2. The Commission lays down detailed criteria of the proportion of votes and seats a party must win to be 'recognised'. Recognised parties get privileges and special facilities such as a reserved symbol.

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Answer: The EC registers parties, allots symbols and recognises parties that meet its vote and seat criteria, giving them special facilities.

1. Employment can be created through mega projects such as new dams and canals that irrigate more farms, giving farmers more work and more crops.

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2. Employment can also be created by promoting local industries and services, e.g. honey collection centres near forests, food-processing units for potato, tomato or fruits, tourism, crafts or IT services.

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Answer: Irrigation projects (dams, canals) and promotion of local industries and services such as food processing, honey collection and tourism.

1. Print popularised the ideas of enlightened thinkers such as Voltaire and Rousseau, whose writings criticised tradition, superstition and despotism and argued for the rule of reason.

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2. Print helped debate and re-evaluation of all values, norms and institutions. It attacked the authority of the Church and the despotic power of the State, weakening a social order based on tradition and creating ideas of social revolution.

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3. By the 1780s, literature, cartoons and caricatures mocked the monarchy and its morality, showing the king absorbed in pleasure while common people suffered. This circulated underground and produced hostility towards the monarchy.

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Answer: Print spread Enlightenment ideas, encouraged questioning of Church and State, and fuelled hostility to the monarchy through satirical literature.

1. Tourism has grown substantially over the last three decades. Foreign tourist arrivals bring in foreign exchange, as trade does.

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2. It supports local handicrafts and cultural pursuits and promotes national integration.

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3. It builds international understanding of Indian culture and heritage. Tourists come for heritage, eco, adventure, medical and business tourism, e.g. to Rajasthan, Goa and Jammu and Kashmir. Hence tourism is called a trade.

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Answer: Tourism earns foreign exchange, supports crafts and employment and spreads understanding of culture, so it is treated as a trade.

1. Transport moves goods and services over land, water and air. Fast, efficient transport has turned the world into a large village and developed communication.

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2. Railways help business, pilgrimage and carrying goods over long distances. Pipelines carry crude oil and natural gas to refineries and factories.

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3. Waterways are the cheapest means and are useful for international trade. Air transport is the fastest and most comfortable mode.

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Answer: Transport links producers and markets, enables trade and communication, and each mode (rail, pipeline, water, air) supports economic development.

1. Source: formal credit comes from banks and cooperatives; informal credit comes from moneylenders, traders, relatives and friends.

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2. Interest: formal credit charges a lower rate of interest; informal credit charges a high rate of interest.

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3. Supervision: the RBI supervises formal lenders; no organisation supervises informal lending.

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Answer: Formal: banks, low interest, RBI supervision. Informal: moneylenders etc., high interest, no supervision.

1. Horizontal distribution: power is shared among organs of government (legislature, executive, judiciary), which keeps a check on one another.

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2. Vertical distribution: power is shared among governments at different levels, e.g. union, state and local governments (federal division).

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3. Power is also shared among social groups, such as religious and linguistic communities, and among political parties, pressure groups and movements that compete for power.

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Answer: Power sharing takes horizontal, vertical, social-group and party/pressure-group forms.

1. Development must be sustainable because protecting the environment from pollution safeguards people's health and quality of life, and development depends on a conserved environment.

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2. Renewable resources like groundwater, solar and wind energy can sustain development, but even they can be overused, e.g. using more groundwater than rain replenishes.

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3. Non-renewable resources such as coal and oil have a fixed stock and will be exhausted, so their use must be checked. New discoveries add to the stock only for a time, so future generations must be considered.

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Answer: Sustainability protects the environment and resources so development can continue for present and future generations.

1. During the First World War Indian merchants and industrialists made huge profits and became powerful. Keen to expand business, they opposed colonial policies that restricted it.

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2. They wanted protection against imports and a rupee-sterling exchange ratio that would discourage imports.

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3. They formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress and the FICCI (1927) to organise their interests.

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4. Led by Purshottamdas Thakurdas and G.D. Birla, they supported the movement at first with financial help and by refusing to buy or sell imported goods. They saw swaraj as freedom for trade and industry.

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5. After the failure of the Round Table Conference, business groups were no longer enthusiastic. They feared militant activities and prolonged disruption of business.

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Answer: Business groups supported Civil Disobedience at first with money and boycott of imports for their own interests, but withdrew enthusiasm after the Round Table Conference failure.

1. For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely out of the confined space of the plantations and to keep a link with their home villages.

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2. Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859 they could not leave tea gardens without permission, which was rarely given.

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3. When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, they defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home.

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4. They never reached home: stranded by a railway and steamer strike, they were caught by the police and brutally beaten.

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5. They interpreted swaraj in their own way, as a time when all suffering would end, and chanted Gandhiji's name and demanded 'Swatantra Bharat', thereby identifying with the all-India movement beyond their locality.

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Answer: Assam plantation workers understood swaraj as freedom to move and return home, defied the Inland Emigration Act, and acted in Gandhi's name.

1. Reduce the use of water in processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages.

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2. Harvest rainwater to meet water needs, lessening dependence on rivers and groundwater.

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3. Treat hot water and effluents before releasing them into rivers and ponds.

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4. Treat effluents in three phases: primary (mechanical: screening, grinding, sedimentation), secondary (biological) and tertiary (biological, chemical and physical, including recycling).

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5. Regulate overdrawing of groundwater by industry legally, and integrate economic development with environmental concerns.

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Answer: Recycle and reuse water, harvest rain, treat effluents in three phases, and legally control groundwater overdrawing.

1. Manufacturing helps modernise agriculture, the backbone of the economy, by supplying machines, fertilisers and pumps.

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2. It reduces dependence on agricultural income by providing jobs in the secondary and tertiary sectors.

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3. Industrial development is a precondition for removing unemployment and poverty. This was the philosophy behind public sector and joint sector industries.

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4. Industries in tribal and backward areas help reduce regional disparities. Export of manufactured goods expands trade and earns foreign exchange.

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5. Countries that turn raw materials into finished goods of higher value are prosperous, so India's prosperity lies in diversifying manufacturing quickly.

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Answer: Manufacturing modernises agriculture, creates jobs, removes poverty and disparities and earns foreign exchange, so it measures economic strength.

1. People wish to be ruled by representatives they elect and believe democracy suits their country. Regular, free and fair elections are a feature of democracy.

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2. It is responsive to the needs of the people.

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3. It is accountable, and people can choose another government if it fails.

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4. It is transparent, as people can know about the policies and decisions being made, and it follows procedures.

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5. It accommodates social differences, is based on deliberation and negotiation, and works for economic development.

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Answer: Democracy is legitimate because it is people's own choice: elected, responsive, accountable, transparent and accommodating.

1. Dictators need not bother about deliberation or public opinion, so they may take decisions the people reject and then face problems.

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2. Democracy takes more time because of procedures, but its decisions are based on norms and procedures.

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3. Transparency is often missing in dictatorships, whereas democracy is expected to follow procedures and be accountable to the people.

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4. Democracy gives citizens mechanisms to hold the government accountable and to take part in decision-making.

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5. Democracy respects women and handles social differences and conflicts, whereas non-democratic regimes often suppress or ignore them.

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Answer: Democracy is better as it is deliberative, transparent, accountable, participatory and handles differences better than dictatorship.

1. Meaning of liberalisation: Since 1991 India has removed many rules and barriers on foreign trade and investment. Foreign companies were given freedom to trade and invest, for example through FDI and disinvestment of public sector units.

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2. Trade barriers reduced: Earlier the government used taxes on imports (tariffs) and quotas to limit imports, for example on Chinese toys. These controls were relaxed so that goods and capital could move more freely.

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3. Special Economic Zones: SEZs with world-class facilities were set up to attract foreign companies and investment.

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4. Flexible labour laws: The government allowed flexibility in labour laws to attract foreign investors.

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5. Impact on Indian firms: Many companies adopted newer technology and production methods and raised their standards. Some collaborated with foreign firms, and several Indian companies became MNCs trading in other countries. Foreign trade and investment policy was also backed by powerful international organisations such as the WTO.

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Answer: Liberalisation opened India to foreign trade and investment through lower barriers, SEZs, flexible labour laws, foreign collaborations and the rise of Indian MNCs.

1. Statement: Globalisation has benefited some producers and workers but hurt others, so its impact is uneven.

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2. Gains for MNCs and supplier firms: MNCs have increased investment in India, mainly in cell phones, automobiles, electronics, soft drinks, fast food and urban banking. New jobs were created there, and local companies supplying raw materials to these industries prospered.

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3. Gains for large Indian firms: Several top Indian companies gained from competition, invested in newer technology and raised production standards. Some collaborated with foreign firms, and some, like Tata Motors, became multinationals.

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4. Losses for small producers: Small manufacturers of batteries, capacitors, plastics, toys, tyres, dairy products and vegetable oil were hit hard by competition. Many units shut down and workers lost their jobs.

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5. Workers: Under competition, employers prefer to hire workers flexibly, so jobs are no longer secure and workers face uncertain employment. IT and services have, however, offered new opportunities.

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Answer: Globalisation benefited MNCs, suppliers and large Indian firms and created jobs in services, but small producers and workers faced closures and insecure jobs.

1. (34.1) The Swadeshi Movement was a movement in which leaders appealed to people to use Indian-made goods and boycott foreign goods, especially cloth.

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2. (34.2) From 1906 Indian yarn exports to China fell because Chinese and Japanese mill products flooded the Chinese market. Indian industrialists therefore shifted from yarn to cloth production, so cotton piece goods output doubled.

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3. (34.3) Event 1: As the Swadeshi Movement gathered strength, nationalists mobilised people to boycott foreign cloth, which increased demand for Indian cloth, and industrial groups pressed the government for more tariff protection.

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4. Event 2: The First World War reduced imports from Manchester because British mills were busy with war production. Indian mills then had a vast home market, new factories were set up and old ones ran multiple shifts.

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Answer: (34.1) Movement to use Indian goods and boycott foreign goods. (34.2) Yarn exports to China fell, so industrialists shifted to cloth. (34.3) Boycott of foreign cloth and the First World War cut Manchester imports.

1. (35.1) Forests are the home of traditional communities and the source of their livelihood, so communities depend on them.

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2. (35.2) The Wildlife Protection Act aims to prohibit hunting of wild animals and birds, punish violators and protect wildlife from encroachment.

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3. (35.3) In many areas villagers themselves protect habitats, even rejecting government involvement.

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4. Example: The people of five villages in Alwar, Rajasthan, declared 1,200 hectares of forest the Bhairodev Dakav 'Sonchuri', made their own rules that ban hunting, and protect wildlife from outside encroachment.

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Answer: (35.1) Forests are home and livelihood for communities. (35.2) To ban hunting and protect wildlife. (35.3) Villagers protect habitats, e.g. Bhairodev Dakav 'Sonchuri' in Alwar.

1. (36.1) India has about 36 lakh elected representatives in panchayats and municipalities, a number bigger than the population of many countries, so it is the largest experiment in democracy.

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2. (36.2) Constitutional status has increased women's representation and voice, and has encouraged people to take part directly in decision-making, building a habit of democratic participation.

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3. (36.3) Step 1: Panchayats were established in rural areas and municipalities in urban areas as local self-government bodies.

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4. Step 2: The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments gave constitutional status to local governments and created a three-tier structure with regular elections.

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Answer: (36.1) About 36 lakh elected representatives. (36.2) More women's voice and participation. (36.3) Panchayats and municipalities set up; 73rd and 74th Amendments.

1. (a)(A) The 1927 session of the Indian National Congress was held at Madras (Chennai), the point near Tamil Nadu on the southeast coast. Write 'Madras' on the line near A.

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2. (a)(B) Gandhi broke the Salt Law at Dandi, in Gujarat on the west coast. Write 'Dandi' near B.

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3. (b) Locate any three: Indira Gandhi International Airport at Delhi (north India); Kakrapara Atomic Power Station in southern Gujarat; Hyderabad Software Technology Park in Telangana (earlier Andhra Pradesh); Kandla Sea Port in western Gujarat (Gulf of Kutch).

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4. Mark each chosen place at its correct position with a suitable symbol (an aeroplane, an atomic symbol, a computer or a port anchor) and label it.

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Answer: (A) Madras (Chennai); (B) Dandi; (b) Delhi airport, Kakrapara in Gujarat, Hyderabad in Telangana, Kandla in Gujarat (any three marked and labelled).