Agriculture in India: Types, Problems and Crops, ISC Class 12 Geography

What Agriculture is about

Weightage: CISCE publishes no chapter or unit weightage for ISC Geography. Agriculture is part of 3. Resources of India and their Utilisation (iv) of the 2027 syllabus and can be asked anywhere in the 70-mark Paper I (Section A one-mark and map items, Section B 4-mark short answers, Section C 7-mark long answers).Source: CISCE ISC Geography (853) syllabus, examination year 2027; ISC 2027 specimen question paper

Key concepts

Wet and dry farming; crop rotation; intensity of cropping

Wet farming: practised in areas of heavy rainfall (over about 200 cm) or assured irrigation, such as the north-east, the west coast, West Bengal and the deltas. Water-loving crops such as rice, jute and sugarcane are grown; two or three crops a year are possible. Problems include floods and soil leaching.

Dry farming: practised in areas of low rainfall (under about 75 cm) without irrigation, such as western Rajasthan, parts of Gujarat, the rain-shadow Deccan. Drought-resistant crops such as bajra, jowar, ragi, pulses and groundnut are grown. Methods conserve moisture: deep ploughing, mulching, contour bunding, keeping land fallow, low plant density, short-duration varieties. Yields are low and uncertain.

(Between them, rain-fed farming in areas of 75-200 cm grows a mix of crops.)

Crop rotation: growing different crops in succession on the same field over seasons or years, instead of the same crop repeatedly. Example: rice (kharif) followed by wheat (rabi) and a pulse (zaid), or cereal followed by a legume. Benefits: restores soil fertility (legumes fix nitrogen), breaks pest and disease cycles, controls weeds, uses soil nutrients at different depths, spreads risk.

Intensity of cropping (cropping intensity): the number of crops raised on the same field in a year, measured as gross cropped area / net sown area x 100. High in irrigated Punjab, Haryana, West Bengal; low in dry farming areas. Crops associated with high intensity: short-duration HYV rice and wheat, vegetables, pulses in the zaid season.

Worked example

[4] Distinguish between wet farming and dry farming on the basis of rainfall, crops, regions and methods. (Understand)

Try it first, then show the solutionSolution

1. Rainfall: wet over about 200 cm or irrigated; dry under about 75 cm without irrigation - 1 mark.
2. Crops: wet - rice, jute, sugarcane; dry - bajra, jowar, ragi, pulses, groundnut - 1 mark.
3. Regions: wet - north-east, west coast, deltas; dry - western Rajasthan, Gujarat, rain-shadow Deccan - 1 mark.
4. Methods: wet - two or three crops a year; dry - moisture conservation, deep ploughing, mulching, bunding - 1 mark.

Answer: Wet farming is practised where rainfall exceeds about 200 cm or irrigation is assured, as in the north-east, the west coast and the deltas, and grows water-loving crops like rice, jute and sugarcane, often two or three a year. Dry farming is practised where rainfall is below about 75 cm without irrigation, as in western Rajasthan, Gujarat and the rain-shadow Deccan; it grows hardy crops like bajra, jowar, ragi, pulses and groundnut and relies on moisture-conserving methods such as deep ploughing, mulching and contour bunding.

Problems of Indian agriculture

1. Dependence on the monsoon: about half the sown area is rain-fed; droughts and floods cause crop failure.
2. Small and fragmented holdings: average about 1 hectare; mechanisation and investment are difficult.
3. Low productivity: yields per hectare below world averages for many crops.
4. Soil degradation: erosion, salinity, waterlogging, declining fertility from over-use of chemicals.
5. Lack of capital and credit: dependence on moneylenders; rural indebtedness.
6. Inadequate inputs: quality seeds, fertilisers and irrigation not available to all farmers.
7. Poor marketing and storage: middlemen, distress sales, post-harvest losses, inadequate cold storage.
8. Disguised unemployment: too many people on the land.
9. Lack of mechanisation in many areas.
10. Over-use of groundwater and chemicals in Green Revolution areas.
11. Climate change: heatwaves and erratic rainfall.
12. Land tenure: insecure tenancy, absentee ownership in places.

Worked example

[4] Explain four problems that keep productivity low in Indian agriculture. (Analyse)

Try it first, then show the solutionSolution

1. Dependence on an erratic monsoon; much rain-fed land - 1 mark.
2. Small, fragmented holdings that prevent mechanisation and investment - 1 mark.
3. Lack of credit and quality inputs; indebtedness - 1 mark.
4. Soil degradation and poor marketing and storage - 1 mark.

Answer: Half the cropped area depends on an erratic monsoon, so droughts and floods ruin crops. Holdings are small and fragmented, which prevents mechanisation and investment. Many farmers lack credit and quality seeds, fertilisers and irrigation, and fall into debt. Degraded soils lower yields, and poor storage and marketing through middlemen reduce farmers' returns.

Technology, the Green Revolution and the shift to commercial farming

Need for the Green Revolution (1960s): food shortages and imports, droughts of 1965-67, rapid population growth, stagnant yields from traditional methods.

Inputs of the (first) Green Revolution, from 1966-67, concentrated in Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh:
1. High-yielding variety (HYV) seeds of wheat and rice.
2. Chemical fertilisers and pesticides.
3. Assured irrigation (tubewells, canals).
4. Farm machinery (tractors, threshers, harvesters) and rural electrification.
5. Institutional credit, minimum support prices and government procurement; agricultural universities and extension.
6. Consolidation of holdings.

Results: large increases in wheat and later rice output; self-sufficiency in food grains.
Limitations: regional and crop imbalance (mainly wheat and rice in irrigated north-west); widening gap between rich and poor farmers; soil degradation, groundwater depletion, pesticide pollution.

Change from subsistence to commercial agriculture: the Green Revolution produced surpluses for sale; irrigation, credit, electrification, roads, markets and price support encouraged farmers to grow crops for profit (wheat, rice, sugarcane, cotton, fruit and vegetables), use purchased inputs and invest capital. Subsistence farming (growing mainly for the family's own needs) still survives on small, rain-fed farms.

Worked example

[2] How has Indian agriculture changed from subsistence to commercial farming? (Analyse)

Try it first, then show the solutionSolution

1. Green Revolution inputs (HYV seeds, fertilisers, pesticides, machinery) raised yields and produced surpluses for sale - 1 mark.
2. Irrigation, credit, electrification, consolidated holdings, price support and markets encouraged farmers to grow crops for profit - 1 mark.

Answer: The Green Revolution's HYV seeds, fertilisers, pesticides and machinery raised yields far above family needs, creating surpluses for the market. Assured irrigation, institutional credit, rural electrification, consolidated holdings, minimum support prices and better markets then encouraged farmers to invest capital and grow crops for profit.

Second Green Revolution: strategies

The Second (or 'Evergreen') Green Revolution aims to raise productivity sustainably, spread gains to rain-fed and eastern regions and to more crops, and repair the damage of the first.

Strategies:
1. Micro-irrigation (drip and sprinkler) for efficient water use; watershed development in rain-fed areas.
2. Organic farming: using compost, green manure and bio-fertilisers instead of chemicals.
3. Precision farming: using technology (soil testing, remote sensing, GPS, sensors) to apply exact amounts of water, fertiliser and pesticide where needed.
4. Green agriculture: integrated pest management, integrated nutrient management and integrated natural resource management.
5. Eco-agriculture: conserving biodiversity and ecosystems alongside farming.
6. White agriculture: using micro-organisms (bio-fertilisers, bio-pesticides, fermentation) in farming.
7. Biotechnology and new seed varieties tolerant of drought, salinity and pests.
8. Diversification into horticulture, dairy, poultry, fisheries; extending the revolution to eastern India (rice) and to pulses and oilseeds.
9. Better credit, insurance, market access and farmer producer organisations.

Key difference: the first Green Revolution relied on more inputs (HYV, chemicals, water); the second relies on smarter, sustainable use of resources.

Worked example

[2] Briefly explain two strategies of the Second Green Revolution. (Understand)

Try it first, then show the solutionSolution

1. Micro-irrigation: drip and sprinkler systems that supply water efficiently, saving water - 1 mark.
2. Organic or precision farming: replacing chemicals with organic inputs, or applying exact inputs using technology - 1 mark.

Answer: Micro-irrigation uses drip and sprinkler systems to deliver water efficiently to crops, saving scarce water. Precision farming uses soil testing, satellite data and sensors to apply exactly the required water, fertiliser and pesticide to each part of a field, cutting waste and pollution.

Diversification: animal husbandry, market gardening and orchard farming

Animal husbandry: rearing and care of livestock (cattle, buffaloes, goats, sheep, pigs, poultry) for milk, meat, eggs, wool, hides and draught power.
Importance in Indian agriculture:
1. Supplementary income and employment, especially for small and landless farmers and women.
2. Insurance against crop failure.
3. Manure (dung) for fields and fuel (dung cakes, biogas).
4. Draught power for ploughing and transport.
5. Nutrition: India is the world's largest milk producer (Operation Flood, the White Revolution).
6. Raw materials for industries (leather, wool, dairy products).

Market gardening: intensive cultivation of vegetables, fruits and flowers on small plots near cities, for sale in urban markets.
Orchard farming: growing fruit trees (mango, banana, apple, citrus, grapes, pomegranate) on a commercial scale.

Reasons for their growth in recent years:
1. Rising urban demand and incomes; changing diets towards fruit and vegetables; health awareness.
2. High value per hectare: suitable for small holdings.
3. Better transport, refrigerated trucks, cold storage and food processing.
4. Export opportunities; India is the second-largest producer of fruits and vegetables and a leading producer of bananas and mangoes.
5. Government support: National Horticulture Mission (now MIDH), subsidies for planting material and micro-irrigation.
6. Diverse climates allowing a wide variety of produce through the year.
7. Employment generation.

Major states: Maharashtra (grapes, pomegranates, onions), Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir (apples), Uttar Pradesh (mangoes), Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu (bananas); flowers in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, West Bengal.

Worked example

[4] Explain four reasons for the rapid growth of market gardening and orchard farming in India in recent years. (Analyse)

Try it first, then show the solutionSolution

1. Rising urban demand, incomes and health awareness - 1 mark.
2. High value per hectare, suited to small holdings; better returns than cereals - 1 mark.
3. Cold storage, refrigerated transport, processing and export markets - 1 mark.
4. Government support (horticulture mission, micro-irrigation subsidy) and diverse climates - 1 mark.

Answer: Growing cities, rising incomes and health awareness have increased demand for fruit, vegetables and flowers. These crops earn far more per hectare than cereals, so they suit India's small holdings. Cold storage, refrigerated transport, food processing and exports have widened markets, and government schemes for planting material and micro-irrigation, together with India's diverse climates, have encouraged farmers to diversify.

Food crops: conditions and leading states

Rice (kharif mainly; also rabi and summer crops where irrigated)

• Temperature: about 20-30 deg C (above 25 ideal); high humidity.
• Rainfall: 100-200 cm or more; irrigation below 100 cm.
• Soil: clayey alluvium that holds water; deltaic soils.
• Main areas: Ganga and Brahmaputra plains, eastern and western coastal plains and deltas; irrigated Punjab and Haryana.
• Leading states: West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Telangana and Punjab, with the top position rotating among the first three in recent years (also Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Telangana).

Wheat (rabi)

• Temperature: cool growing season, 10-15 deg C at sowing, 20-25 deg C with sunshine at ripening; frost and hail harmful.
• Rainfall: 50-75 cm; irrigation essential where less.
• Soil: well-drained loam and clayey loam; also black soil.
• Main areas: north-west and the Ganga plain, Madhya Pradesh plateau.
• Leading states: Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana.

Jowar (sorghum) (kharif and rabi)

• Temperature: 27-32 deg C. Rainfall: 30-100 cm (dry farming crop).
• Soil: black soil and alluvium; tolerant of poor soils.
• Leading states: Maharashtra (first), Karnataka.

Bajra (pearl millet) (kharif)

• Temperature: 25-35 deg C. Rainfall: 40-50 cm; very drought-resistant.
• Soil: sandy and light soils.
• Leading states: Rajasthan (first), Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Gujarat.

Ragi (finger millet) (kharif)

• Temperature: 20-30 deg C. Rainfall: 50-100 cm.
• Soil: red, black and sandy loams; grows on hill slopes.
• Leading state: Karnataka (first); also Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand.

Pulses (gram and lentils in rabi; tur/arhar, moong, urad in kharif)

• Temperature: 20-27 deg C. Rainfall: 25-60 cm (low); legumes fix nitrogen and are used in rotation.
• Soil: sandy loam and black soil.
• Leading states: Madhya Pradesh (first), Rajasthan, Maharashtra.

Worked example

[2] State the temperature and rainfall required for wheat and name the leading state. (Recall)

Try it first, then show the solutionSolution

1. Temperature: 10-15 deg C at sowing, 20-25 deg C at ripening; rainfall 50-75 cm - 1 mark.
2. Leading state: Uttar Pradesh - 1 mark.

Answer: Wheat needs a cool growing season of about 10-15 deg C at sowing and a warm, sunny 20-25 deg C at ripening, with 50-75 cm of rainfall (or irrigation). Uttar Pradesh is the leading producer.

Commercial and industrial crops: conditions and leading states

Coffee (plantation)

• Temperature: 15-28 deg C; no frost or strong sun (grown under shade trees).
• Rainfall: 150-250 cm, well distributed.
• Soil: well-drained, rich loam on hill slopes (600-1,600 m).
• Leading state: Karnataka (about 70 per cent of output), then Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Western Ghats).

Tea (plantation)

• Temperature: 20-30 deg C; frost-free.
• Rainfall: 150-300 cm, well distributed.
• Soil: deep, well-drained, slightly acidic loam rich in humus, on slopes (no waterlogging).
• Leading states: Assam (first), West Bengal (Darjeeling, Dooars); also Tamil Nadu, Kerala.

Cotton (kharif)

• Temperature: 20-32 deg C; at least 200 frost-free days; bright sunshine at picking.
• Rainfall: 50-100 cm (up to about 150 cm in places); irrigation in dry areas.
• Soil: black (regur) soil of the Deccan; also alluvium in Punjab-Haryana.
• Leading states: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Telangana.

Sugarcane

• Temperature: 21-27 deg C, hot and humid; frost harmful.
• Rainfall: 75-150 cm; irrigation needed where less.
• Soil: deep, rich loamy alluvium; black soil.
• Leading states: Uttar Pradesh (first), Maharashtra, Karnataka.

Jute

• Temperature: 24-35 deg C; humid.
• Rainfall: 150-250 cm; plenty of water for retting.
• Soil: fertile, well-drained alluvium of deltas renewed by floods.
• Leading state: West Bengal (first), then Bihar and Assam.

Groundnut (mainly kharif)

• Temperature: 20-30 deg C. Rainfall: 50-75 cm; frost and waterlogging harmful.
• Soil: light sandy loam, well-drained (pods develop underground).
• Leading state: Gujarat (first), then Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh.

Coconut

• Temperature: 25-30 deg C, little variation; humid. Frost and drought harmful.
• Rainfall: 100-250 cm, well distributed.
• Soil: sandy, well-drained coastal soils; laterite and alluvium.
• Leading states: Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu (coastal areas), which are close to one another; in recent estimates Karnataka and Tamil Nadu have matched or overtaken Kerala.

Worked example

[2] State two climatic conditions required for coconut cultivation. (Recall)

Try it first, then show the solutionSolution

1. Temperature: 25-30 deg C, with little seasonal variation; humid - 1 mark.
2. Rainfall: 100-250 cm, well distributed; frost and drought are harmful - 1 mark.

Answer: Coconut needs a warm, humid climate with temperatures of 25-30 deg C throughout the year and 100-250 cm of well-distributed rainfall; frost and drought are harmful.

Agriculture in real life

Each concept, met in an everyday situation. Read the situation, answer the question in your own words, then compare with the model answer. The one-line hook is what to remember.

Topics in this chapter

• Conditions of Growth and Leading States of the Thirteen Syllabus Crops
• Wet and Dry Farming, Green Revolution, Problems and Diversification

Agriculture: key facts

Cropping intensity

Gross cropped area / net sown area x 100

High in Punjab and Haryana.

Wet versus dry farming

Wet: over about 200 cm or irrigated; dry: under about 75 cm, no irrigation

Rice, jute versus bajra, jowar.

Leading states (food crops)

Rice	West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh or Telangana (close)
Wheat	Uttar Pradesh
Jowar	Maharashtra
Bajra	Rajasthan
Ragi	Karnataka
Pulses	Madhya Pradesh

Recent years.

Leading states (commercial crops)

Coffee	Karnataka
Tea	Assam
Cotton	Gujarat
Sugarcane	Uttar Pradesh
Jute	West Bengal
Groundnut	Gujarat
Coconut	Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu (close)

Recent years.

Cotton and coconut climate

Cotton: 20-32 deg C, 50-100 cm, 200 frost-free days. Coconut: 25-30 deg C, 100-250 cm

Always give ranges.

How the board asks Agriculture

The question patterns to expect, and the method that works for each.

Tricks to remember Agriculture

Short memory aids. Say each one aloud once, then use it on a question the same day.

• Millets by state

  'Joyful Maharashtra, Bold Rajasthan, Royal Karnataka': Jowar-Maharashtra, Bajra-Rajasthan, Ragi-Karnataka.

  Use it when: Leading millet states.

• G for groundnut and Gujarat; also cotton

  Gujarat grows the G-crop (groundnut) and leads cotton too.

  Use it when: Avoid writing Rajasthan.

• Second Green Revolution 'M-O-P-G-E-W'

  Micro-irrigation, Organic, Precision, Green, Eco, White agriculture.

  Use it when: Strategies.

Agriculture: board-level solved questions

Ordered from board level to HOTS. Cover the solution, write your own, then compare step by step.

Case-study practice (Section D style)

Read the situation, then answer every part. In the board paper this is a 7-mark question split into 2 + 2 + 2 + 1 marks.

Where the marks are

How a typical answer is split into step marks. Show every step: a right final answer alone rarely earns full marks.

Where students lose marks in Agriculture

The slips examiners see most often, and what to write instead.

• ✗Mistake: Leaving out temperature and rainfall ranges

  CISCE examiners' comments, 2024: on cotton, candidates 'Did not mention temperature and rainfall ranges', 'Gave vague answers' and 'Confused the cotton crop with cotton textiles'; on coconut they 'Did not understand climatic conditions and wrote other factors' and 'Could not give temperature and rainfall ranges'.

  ✓Do this: For every crop learn a temperature range and a rainfall range; when 'climatic' is asked, give only climate (not soil or labour).

  Usually costs: 1-2 marks per crop.

• ✗Mistake: Mixing up the first and second Green Revolutions

  CISCE examiners' comments, 2024: asked for strategies of the Second Green Revolution, candidates 'Wrote about inputs of the (first) Green Revolution instead of strategies' and 'Named strategies but did not explain them in complete sentences'; on the shift to commercial farming some 'Confused it with strategies of the Second Green Revolution'.

  ✓Do this: First = inputs (HYV, fertilisers, irrigation, machines). Second = sustainable strategies (micro-irrigation, organic, precision, green, eco, white). Explain each.

  Usually costs: Up to 2 marks.

• ✗Mistake: Naming the wrong leading state

  CISCE examiners' comments, 2025: candidates 'Answered Rajasthan instead of Gujarat as leading groundnut producer' and 'Wrote Andhra Pradesh instead of Rajasthan as the largest producer of bajra'.

  ✓Do this: Learn the one-line list of leading states and practise on a blank political map.

  Usually costs: 1 mark each.

• ✗Mistake: Describing subsistence farming instead of the transition

  CISCE examiners' comments, 2024: on the change from subsistence to commercial farming, candidates 'Wrote about subsistence farming instead of the transition' and 'Listed points without explanation'.

  ✓Do this: Explain what changed and why: Green Revolution inputs, surplus, irrigation, credit, markets, price support.

  Usually costs: Up to 2 marks.

Practice questions on Agriculture

Write each answer on paper first. Open the hint only if you are stuck, and the answer only when you have finished.

1. Q1 · 1 mark · Very short answerBoard level

   Which state is the leading producer of groundnut?

   Hint

   Not Rajasthan.

   Answer

   Gujarat.

2. Q2 · 1 mark · Very short answerBoard level

   Name the leading producer of coffee in India.

   Hint

   Western Ghats.

   Answer

   Karnataka.

3. Q3 · 1 mark · Very short answerBoard level

   What is intensity of cropping?

   Hint

   Crops per year on the same land.

   Answer

   The number of crops raised on the same field in a year, measured as gross cropped area / net sown area x 100.

4. Q4 · 1 mark · Very short answerHarder board level

   Why is jute grown mainly in the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta?

   Hint

   Soil, water, retting.

   Answer

   Fertile flood-renewed alluvium, high temperature and heavy rainfall, and plenty of water for retting the fibre.

5. Q5 · 2 marks · Short answerHarder board level

   [2] State two climatic conditions for tea cultivation.

   Hint

   Ranges.

   Answer

   Temperature 20-30 deg C, frost-free; rainfall 150-300 cm, well distributed through the year.

6. Q6 · 4 marks · Short answerHarder board level

   [4] Explain the importance of animal husbandry in Indian agriculture.

   Hint

   Income, manure, draught, nutrition.

   Answer

   (1) It gives supplementary income and employment, especially to small, landless and women farmers. (2) It acts as insurance when crops fail. (3) Livestock provide manure, biogas and draught power. (4) Milk, eggs and meat improve nutrition, and products such as leather and wool supply industries; India is the largest milk producer.

7. Q7 · 4 marks · Short answerHOTS / competency

   [4] Rice is grown in Punjab, which gets under 75 cm of rain, as well as in West Bengal. Explain how and evaluate the consequences.

   Hint

   Irrigation; groundwater.

   Answer

   West Bengal grows rice naturally with heavy monsoon rain and deltaic soils, but Punjab grows it with intensive canal and tubewell irrigation, subsidised power and procurement at minimum support prices. The consequence in Punjab is high yields and income but rapid groundwater depletion, soil degradation and crop-residue burning, so diversification to less water-intensive crops is advised.

8. Q8 · 7 marks · Long answerHOTS / competency

   [7] (a) Describe the conditions of growth of sugarcane and name two leading states. [4]
   (b) Explain three reasons why the leading state dominates production. [3]

   Hint

   Uttar Pradesh.

   Answer

   (a) Sugarcane needs a hot, humid climate of 21-27 deg C without frost, 75-150 cm of rainfall or irrigation, and deep, rich loamy alluvial or black soil; it occupies the land for about a year. Leading states: Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra. (b) Uttar Pradesh has vast fertile alluvial plains in the Ganga-Yamuna doab and tarai; extensive canal and tubewell irrigation; and many sugar mills, cheap labour and a large market close by.

Test your recall

Answer in your head or on paper first, then open the card. Pulling an answer out of memory makes it stick far better than re-reading.

1. 1.Leading rice and wheat states?Show answer

   Rice: West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and Telangana (top spot varies). Wheat: Uttar Pradesh.

2. 2.Leading tea and coffee states?Show answer

   Tea: Assam. Coffee: Karnataka.

3. 3.Rainfall for bajra?Show answer

   About 40-50 cm.

4. 4.Frost-free days for cotton?Show answer

   At least 200.

5. 5.Two strategies of the Second Green Revolution?Show answer

   Micro-irrigation and organic (or precision, green, eco, white) agriculture.

Quick revision checklist

The night before the exam: can you do each of these without looking?

• ☐Wet farming: over about 200 cm or irrigated (rice, jute). Dry farming: under about 75 cm (bajra, jowar, pulses).
• ☐Crop rotation restores fertility and breaks pest cycles; intensity = GCA/NSA x 100.
• ☐Problems: monsoon dependence, small holdings, low yields, credit, soil degradation, marketing.
• ☐First GR: HYV, fertilisers, irrigation, machines, credit, MSP; Punjab-Haryana wheat.
• ☐Second GR: micro-irrigation, organic, precision, green, eco, white agriculture.
• ☐Leaders: rice WB/UP/Telangana, wheat UP, jowar MH, bajra RJ, ragi KA, pulses MP.
• ☐Leaders: coffee KA, tea AS, cotton GJ, sugarcane UP, jute WB, groundnut GJ, coconut KL/KA/TN.
• ☐Horticulture growing: demand, income per hectare, cold chain, exports, support.

Agriculture: frequently asked questions