CBSE Class 12 Geography: chapter-wise study guide

Human Geography: Nature and Scope

• Naturalisation of Humans and Humanisation of Nature
• Approaches and Schools of Thought in Human Geography
• Fields and Subfields of Human Geography

The World Population: Distribution, Density and Growth

• Factors Influencing World Population Distribution
• Components of Population Change
• Demographic Transition Theory

Human Development

• Growth, Development and the Four Pillars
• Approaches to Human Development
• Measuring Human Development: HDI, HPI and GNH

Primary Activities

• Gathering and Subsistence Agriculture
• Nomadic Herding and Commercial Livestock Rearing
• Types of Commercial Agriculture

Secondary Activities

• Characteristics of Modern Large-Scale Manufacturing
• Factors Influencing Industrial Location
• Classification of Industries and High-Tech Industry

Tertiary and Quaternary Activities

• Types of Tertiary Activities
• Tourism and Medical Tourism
• Quaternary and Quinary Activities and the Digital Divide

Transport and Communication

• Transcontinental Railways
• Shipping Canals and Inland Waterways
• Satellite Communication and Cyber Space

International Trade

• Basis of Trade and Balance of Trade
• Free Trade, Dumping and the WTO
• Ports as Gateways of International Trade

Population: Distribution, Density, Growth and Composition

• Distribution and Density of Population in India
• Phases of Population Growth in India
• Population Composition and Working Population

Human Settlements

• Types of Rural Settlements in India
• Evolution of Towns in India
• Urbanisation in India

Land Resources and Agriculture

• Land Use Categories and Common Property Resources
• Major Crops of India
• Problems of Indian Agriculture

Water Resources

• Surface Water, Groundwater and Water Demand
• Deterioration of Water Quality and Its Prevention
• Water Conservation, Rainwater Harvesting and Watershed Management

Mineral and Energy Resources

• Iron Ore and Manganese
• Bauxite, Copper and Mica
• Coal, Petroleum and Natural Gas
• Nuclear and Non-Conventional Energy Sources and Conservation of Minerals

Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context

• Concept of Sustainable Development
• Integrated Tribal Development Project in Bharmaur
• Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area
• Sectoral and Regional Planning, Target Area and Target Group Programmes

Transport and Communication

• Rail Transport in India
• Water Transport in India
• Communication Networks in India
• Air Transport and Oil and Gas Pipelines in India
• Road Transport in India: Classification, Highways and Projects

International Trade

• Changing Composition of India's Trade
• Direction of Trade and Airports
• Major Seaports of India and Their Hinterlands

Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems

• Environmental Pollution: Water, Air, Noise and Land
• Urban Waste Disposal
• Land Degradation, Wastelands and the Jhabua Watershed Case
• Rural-Urban Migration and the Problems of Slums

Data – Its Source and Compilation

Not in the board exam

Assessed in the practical exam (25-mark written test, practical file and viva), not in the theory paper.

Data Processing

Not in the board exam

Assessed in the practical exam, not in the theory paper. Only mean, median and mode; dispersion and rank correlation are not in the syllabus.

Graphical Representation of Data

Not in the board exam

Assessed in the practical exam, not in the theory paper.

Spatial Information Technology

Not in the board exam

Assessed in the practical exam, not in the theory paper.