Neural Control and Coordination Class 11 Biology: Neuron, Nerve Impulse, Synapse and Brain

What Neural Control and Coordination is about

Weightage: This chapter is part of Unit V, Human Physiology, which carries 18 of the 70 theory marks in the school annual exam together with Breathing and Exchange of Gases, Body Fluids and Circulation, Excretory Products and their Elimination, Locomotion and Movement and Chemical Coordination and Integration.Source: CBSE Biology (044) syllabus 2026-27, Class XI course structure, Unit V Human Physiology

Key concepts

Neural system and the human neural system

NCERT section 18.1 Neural System; 18.2 Human Neural System

Neural system: a highly organised network of point-to-point connections that allows quick coordination. Its units are neurons, specialised cells that can detect, receive and transmit different kinds of stimuli.

In animals:

• Lower invertebrates: very simple. In *Hydra* it is a network of neurons.
• Insects: better organised: a brain with a number of ganglia and neural tissues.
• Vertebrates: the most developed neural system.

Human neural system has two parts:

1. Central neural system (CNS): brain and spinal cord. It is the site of information processing and control.

2. Peripheral neural system (PNS): all the nerves of the body linked with the CNS. Nerve fibres are of two types:

• Afferent fibres: carry impulses from tissues/organs to the CNS.
• Efferent fibres: carry regulatory impulses from the CNS to tissues/organs.

The PNS has two divisions:

• Somatic neural system: carries impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles (voluntary actions).
• Autonomic neural system: carries impulses from the CNS to involuntary organs and smooth muscles. Further divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic neural systems (which usually have opposite effects, e.g. on heart rate).

Visceral nervous system: the part of the PNS made up of the whole set of nerves, fibres, ganglia and plexuses through which impulses pass from the CNS to the viscera (internal organs) and from the viscera back to the CNS.

Tree diagram:
Neural system → CNS (brain, spinal cord) + PNS → somatic + autonomic (sympathetic, parasympathetic); visceral nervous system links CNS and viscera.

Worked example

A student decides to raise her hand to answer a question, while her heart starts beating faster because she is nervous. For each response, name the division of the PNS that carries the command from the CNS and the type of muscle it reaches. What type of fibres carry these commands, and what type would carry information from the heart back to the CNS? (2 marks)

Try it first, then show the solutionSolution

1. Raising the hand: somatic neural system to skeletal muscles; faster heartbeat: autonomic neural system (sympathetic division) to the involuntary cardiac muscle. (1)
2. Commands from the CNS travel in efferent fibres; information from the heart to the CNS travels in afferent fibres (part of the visceral nervous system). (1)

Answer: Somatic → skeletal muscle; autonomic (sympathetic) → heart; efferent fibres carry commands, afferent fibres carry information back.

Neuron: structure and types

NCERT section 18.3 Neuron as Structural and Functional Unit of Neural System

A neuron is a microscopic structure with three main parts:

1. Cell body (cyton): contains cytoplasm with typical cell organelles and certain granular bodies called Nissl's granules.
2. Dendrites: short fibres that branch repeatedly and project out of the cell body; they also contain Nissl's granules and carry impulses towards the cell body.
3. Axon: a long fibre, whose distal end is branched. Each branch ends as a bulb-like synaptic knob, which has synaptic vesicles containing chemicals called neurotransmitters. Axons carry impulses away from the cell body to a synapse or a neuromuscular junction.

Types by number of axons and dendrites:

• Multipolar: one axon and two or more dendrites; found in the cerebral cortex.
• Bipolar: one axon and one dendrite; found in the retina of the eye.
• Unipolar: cell body with one axon only; found usually in the embryonic stage.

Types of axons:

• Myelinated: enveloped by Schwann cells, which form a myelin sheath around the axon. The gaps between adjacent myelin sheaths are the nodes of Ranvier. Found in spinal and cranial nerves.
• Non-myelinated (unmyelinated): a Schwann cell surrounds the axon but no myelin layer is wrapped around it. Commonly found in the autonomous and somatic neural systems.

Dendrite vs axon: dendrites are short, many, branched, with Nissl's granules, carrying impulses towards the cell body; the axon is long, usually single, without Nissl's granules, carrying impulses away and ending in synaptic knobs.

Worked example

Name the type of neuron found (a) in the cerebral cortex and (b) in the retina, and give the structural basis of each type. (2 marks)

Try it first, then show the solutionSolution

1. (a) Multipolar: one axon and two or more dendrites. (1)
2. (b) Bipolar: one axon and one dendrite. (1)

Answer: Multipolar (cortex); bipolar (retina).

Generation and conduction of a nerve impulse

NCERT section 18.3.1 Generation and Conduction of Nerve Impulse

Neurons are excitable because their membranes are polarised: different types of ion channels are present on the membrane, and they are selectively permeable to different ions.

Resting state (polarised membrane):

• When a neuron is not conducting an impulse, the axonal membrane is comparatively more permeable to K⁺ and nearly impermeable to Na⁺.
• It is also impermeable to negatively charged proteins present in the axoplasm.
• So the axoplasm has a high concentration of K⁺ and negatively charged proteins and a low concentration of Na⁺; the fluid outside has a low K⁺ and high Na⁺ concentration: a concentration gradient.
• These gradients are maintained by active transport by the sodium-potassium pump, which moves 3 Na⁺ out for every 2 K⁺ in.
• As a result, the outer surface is positively charged and the inner surface negatively charged: the membrane is polarised.
• The electrical potential difference across the resting membrane is the resting potential.

Stimulation (depolarisation and action potential):
1. When a stimulus is applied at a site (say A), the membrane there becomes freely permeable to Na⁺.
2. Na⁺ rushes in, reversing the polarity at A: the outer surface becomes negative and the inner surface positive. The membrane at A is depolarised.
3. This potential difference at A is the action potential, also called a nerve impulse.
4. At the next site (B) just ahead, the membrane is still positive outside and negative inside. A current flows on the inner surface from A to B and on the outer surface from B to A, completing a circuit.
5. So polarity at B is reversed: an action potential is generated at B. The impulse is conducted along the axon, repeating the sequence.
6. The rise in Na⁺ permeability is very short-lived. It is quickly followed by a rise in K⁺ permeability; K⁺ diffuses out, restoring the resting potential at the site, and the fibre is ready for further stimulation.

Sequence: resting (polarised) → stimulus → Na⁺ in (depolarisation, action potential) → K⁺ out (repolarisation) → Na⁺-K⁺ pump keeps gradients.

Worked example

Put these events at one point on an axon in the correct order and give the charge on the inner surface after each: (i) K⁺ permeability rises, (ii) a stimulus is applied, (iii) Na⁺ rushes in, (iv) the membrane is at rest, (v) the membrane becomes freely permeable to Na⁺, (vi) the resting potential is restored. (3 marks)

Try it first, then show the solutionSolution

1. (iv) at rest: inside negative → (ii) stimulus → (v) membrane freely permeable to Na⁺. (1)
2. (iii) Na⁺ rushes in: polarity reverses, inside positive (depolarised; the action potential). (1)
3. (i) the short-lived Na⁺ permeability is followed by a rise in K⁺ permeability; K⁺ diffuses out → (vi) inside negative again, ready for the next stimulus. (1)

Answer: iv (−) → ii → v → iii (+, action potential) → i → vi (−).

Transmission of impulses: synapses

NCERT section 18.3.2 Transmission of Impulses

An impulse passes from one neuron to another through a junction called a synapse. Two membranes meet here, that of the pre-synaptic neuron (sending) and the post-synaptic neuron (receiving); in some synapses a gap, the synaptic cleft, lies between them.

Electrical synapse:

• The pre- and post-synaptic membranes are very close to each other.
• Electric current can flow directly from one neuron to the next; transmission is very similar to conduction along a single axon.
• Transmission across an electrical synapse is always faster than across a chemical synapse.
• Electrical synapses are rare in our system.

Chemical synapse:

• The membranes are separated by a fluid-filled space, the synaptic cleft.
• Neurotransmitters carry the impulse across.
• Steps:

1. The impulse (action potential) reaches the axon terminal.
2. It stimulates synaptic vesicles to move towards the membrane, fuse with it and release neurotransmitters into the cleft.
3. Neurotransmitters bind to specific receptors on the post-synaptic membrane.
4. Binding opens ion channels, allowing entry of ions that can generate a new potential in the post-synaptic neuron.
5. The new potential may be excitatory or inhibitory.

Why one-way? Neurotransmitter is released only from the pre-synaptic knob and receptors are only on the post-synaptic membrane, so impulses at chemical synapses pass in one direction only.

Worked example

Compare electrical and chemical synapses in three ways. (3 marks)

Try it first, then show the solutionSolution

1. Gap: membranes very close in electrical; separated by a fluid-filled synaptic cleft in chemical. (1)
2. Mechanism: direct current flow in electrical; neurotransmitters released and bound to receptors in chemical. (1)
3. Speed and frequency: electrical faster but rare; chemical slower but common, and can be excitatory or inhibitory. (1)

Answer: Close contact/current/fast/rare vs cleft/transmitters/slower/common.

Central neural system: protection and forebrain

NCERT section 18.4 Central Neural System (18.4.1 Forebrain)

The brain is the central information processing organ and acts as the command and control system. It controls voluntary movements, balance, functioning of vital involuntary organs (lungs, heart, kidneys), thermoregulation, hunger and thirst, circadian (24-hour) rhythms, activities of several endocrine glands and human behaviour. It is also the site of processing of vision, hearing, speech, memory, intelligence, emotions and thoughts.

Protection: the brain is protected by the skull. Inside the skull it is covered by cranial meninges: an outer dura mater, a very thin middle arachnoid and an inner pia mater, which is in contact with brain tissue.

Three major parts: forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain.

Forebrain: cerebrum, thalamus and hypothalamus.

• Cerebrum: the major part of the brain. A deep cleft divides it into left and right cerebral hemispheres, connected by a tract of nerve fibres, the corpus callosum.
• Cerebral cortex: the layer of cells covering the hemispheres, thrown into prominent folds. It is the grey matter, because neuron cell bodies are concentrated there.
• Contains motor areas, sensory areas and large association areas (neither clearly sensory nor motor), responsible for intersensory associations, memory and communication.
• White matter: the inner part of the hemispheres, formed by tract fibres covered with myelin sheath, giving an opaque white look.
• Thalamus: the cerebrum wraps around it; a major coordinating centre for sensory and motor signalling.
• Hypothalamus: at the base of the thalamus. Has centres controlling body temperature and the urge for eating and drinking. Contains neurosecretory cells that secrete hypothalamic hormones.
• Limbic system (limbic lobe): the inner parts of the hemispheres with deep structures such as the amygdala and hippocampus. Together with the hypothalamus it regulates sexual behaviour, emotional reactions (excitement, pleasure, rage, fear) and motivation.

Worked example

Why is the cerebral cortex called grey matter and the inner part of the cerebrum white matter? Name the structure joining the two hemispheres. (3 marks)

Try it first, then show the solutionSolution

1. The cortex is grey because neuron cell bodies are concentrated there. (1)
2. The inner part is white because it consists of nerve fibre tracts covered with myelin, which looks opaque white. (1)
3. The corpus callosum connects the two cerebral hemispheres. (1)

Answer: Cell bodies (grey) vs myelinated fibres (white); corpus callosum.

Midbrain, hindbrain and brain stem

NCERT section 18.4.2 Midbrain; 18.4.3 Hindbrain

Midbrain:

• Located between the thalamus/hypothalamus of the forebrain and the pons of the hindbrain.
• A canal, the cerebral aqueduct, passes through it.
• Its dorsal part is made mainly of four round swellings (lobes) called corpora quadrigemina.

Hindbrain: pons, cerebellum and medulla (medulla oblongata).

• Pons: made of fibre tracts that interconnect different regions of the brain.
• Cerebellum: has a very convoluted (folded) surface, which provides extra space for many more neurons. (It helps maintain posture and balance.)
• Medulla: connected to the spinal cord. Contains centres controlling respiration, cardiovascular reflexes and gastric secretions.

Brain stem: made of the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata. It connects the brain and the spinal cord.

Quick table in words:

• Forebrain: thinking, sensation, voluntary action (cerebrum); relay (thalamus); temperature, hunger, thirst, hormones (hypothalamus); emotions (limbic system).
• Midbrain: corpora quadrigemina; cerebral aqueduct.
• Hindbrain: links (pons); balance and coordination (cerebellum); breathing, heart and gut reflexes (medulla).

Worked example

Name the part of the brain that (a) contains the centres for breathing and heart reflexes, (b) has four round swellings on its dorsal side, (c) links different regions through fibre tracts, (d) forms the brain stem together with the medulla. (2 marks)

Try it first, then show the solutionSolution

1. (a) Medulla oblongata; (b) midbrain (corpora quadrigemina). (1)
2. (c) Pons; (d) midbrain and pons. (1)

Answer: Medulla, midbrain, pons, midbrain + pons.

Neural Control and Coordination in real life

Each concept, met in an everyday situation. Read the situation, answer the question in your own words, then compare with the model answer. The one-line hook is what to remember.

Topics in this chapter

• Neuron and Nerve Impulse Conduction
• Synaptic Transmission and the Human Brain

Neural Control and Coordination: key facts

Organisation of the neural system

$\text{neural system}=\text{CNS (brain + spinal cord)}+\text{PNS (somatic + autonomic)}$

Autonomic = sympathetic + parasympathetic.

Sodium-potassium pump

$3{\text{Na}}^{+}\text{out}:2{\text{K}}^{+}\text{in (per cycle, uses ATP)}$

Keeps the outside positive and inside negative at rest.

Impulse events

$\text{resting (polarised)}\to {\text{Na}}^{+}\text{in (depolarised)}\to {\text{K}}^{+}\text{out (repolarised)}$

Action potential = reversed polarity at the stimulated site.

Chemical synapse

$\text{impulse}\to \text{vesicles fuse}\to \text{neurotransmitter in cleft}\to \text{receptor binding}\to \text{ion channels open}$

New potential: excitatory or inhibitory.

Brain parts

$\text{forebrain (cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus)};\text{midbrain};\text{hindbrain (pons, cerebellum, medulla)}$

Brain stem = midbrain + pons + medulla.

Meninges (outside to inside)

$\text{dura mater}\to \text{arachnoid}\to \text{pia mater}$

Pia mater touches brain tissue.

Neural Control and Coordination: diagrams to practise

Practise each one on paper: draw it from the checklist, then tick off every label.

How the school exam asks Neural Control and Coordination

The question patterns to expect, and the method that works for each.

Tricks to remember Neural Control and Coordination

Short memory aids. Say each one aloud once, then use it on a question the same day.

• DAP: Dura, Arachnoid, Pia

  From outside in: Don't Ask Please. Pia is 'pious' and hugs the brain.

  Use it when: Order of meninges.

• Multi in the cortex, Bi in the eye, Uni in the embryo

  Multipolar (cerebral cortex), bipolar (retina), unipolar (embryonic stage).

  Use it when: Neuron types and locations.

• Salt in, Potassium out

  Depolarisation: Na⁺ rushes in; repolarisation: K⁺ moves out. Pump: '3 out, 2 in'.

  Use it when: Ion movements.

• Thalamus relays, Hypothalamus regulates

  Thalamus = sensory and motor relay; hypothalamus = temperature, hunger, thirst, hormones.

  Use it when: Thalamus vs hypothalamus.

• Pons = Bridge

  Pons (Latin 'bridge') links brain regions by fibre tracts; medulla runs vital reflexes; cerebellum balances.

  Use it when: Hindbrain functions.

• Brain stem = M + P + M

  Midbrain + Pons + Medulla.

  Use it when: Brain stem composition.

Neural Control and Coordination: exam-level solved questions

Ordered from exam level to HOTS. Cover the solution, write your own, then compare step by step.

Case-study practice (Section E style)

Read the situation, then answer every part. In a school exam set on the board pattern this is a 4-mark question split into 1 + 1 + 2 marks.

Where the marks are

How a typical answer is split into step marks. Show every step: a right final answer alone rarely earns full marks.

Where students lose marks in Neural Control and Coordination

The slips examiners see most often, and what to write instead.

• ✗Mistake: Saying the inside of a resting axon is positive

  Mixing resting and action potentials.

  ✓Do this: At rest: outside positive, inside negative. During the action potential: reversed.

  Usually costs: 1 mark.

• ✗Mistake: Writing that K⁺ rushes in to cause depolarisation

  Ions swapped.

  ✓Do this: Na⁺ rushes in to depolarise; K⁺ moves out to repolarise.

  Usually costs: 1 mark.

• ✗Mistake: Writing that the pump moves 2 Na⁺ out and 3 K⁺ in

  Numbers reversed.

  ✓Do this: 3 Na⁺ out for every 2 K⁺ in.

  Usually costs: ½-1 mark.

• ✗Mistake: Placing the medulla in the midbrain or forebrain

  Brain parts not organised.

  ✓Do this: Medulla is in the hindbrain with pons and cerebellum.

  Usually costs: ½ mark.

• ✗Mistake: Writing about reflex arc or eye and ear in detail

  Older editions included them.

  ✓Do this: These are not in the 2026-27 syllabus; focus on neuron, impulse, synapse and brain.

  Usually costs: Time lost.

• ✗Mistake: Saying electrical synapses are the common type

  Electrical sounds natural for nerves.

  ✓Do this: Electrical synapses are rare; chemical synapses are common.

  Usually costs: ½ mark.

NCERT exercise guide: Neural Control and Coordination

What each exercise in the NCERT chapter tests, how to approach it, and a question of the same kind solved step by step. Questions here are written in our own words.

Practice questions on Neural Control and Coordination

Write each answer on paper first. Open the hint only if you are stuck, and the answer only when you have finished.

1. Q1 · 1 mark · MCQExam level

   The innermost layer of the cranial meninges is the:
   (a) dura mater (b) arachnoid (c) pia mater (d) corpus callosum

   Hint

   In contact with brain tissue.

   Answer

   (c) pia mater

2. Q2 · 1 mark · MCQExam level

   Corpora quadrigemina are found in the:
   (a) forebrain (b) midbrain (c) pons (d) medulla

   Hint

   Four dorsal swellings.

   Answer

   (b) midbrain

3. Q3 · 2 marks · Very short answerExam level

   Name the three types of neurons by structure and give where each is found. (2 marks)

   Hint

   Multi, bi, uni.

   Answer

   Multipolar: cerebral cortex; bipolar: retina (1). Unipolar: embryonic stage (1).

4. Q4 · 2 marks · Very short answerHarder exam level

   What is the role of the sympathetic and parasympathetic neural systems? (2 marks)

   Hint

   Divisions of autonomic system.

   Answer

   They are the two divisions of the autonomic system carrying impulses from the CNS to involuntary organs and smooth muscles (1); they usually have opposite effects, e.g. sympathetic increases and parasympathetic decreases heart rate (1).

5. Q5 · 2 marks · Very short answerHarder exam level

   Why are neurons called excitable cells? (2 marks)

   Hint

   Polarised membrane.

   Answer

   Their membranes are in a polarised state with ion channels that are selectively permeable to different ions (1); a stimulus can change permeability and generate an action potential (1).

6. Q6 · 2 marks · Very short answerHarder exam level

   State the functions of the pons, cerebellum and medulla. (2 marks)

   Hint

   Hindbrain.

   Answer

   Pons: fibre tracts interconnecting brain regions; cerebellum: highly folded with many neurons, coordinating movement and balance (1). Medulla: centres for respiration, cardiovascular reflexes and gastric secretions (1).

7. Q7 · 3 marks · Short answerHarder exam level

   At a chemical synapse, predict and explain the result if (a) the synaptic vesicles cannot fuse with the pre-synaptic membrane, and (b) the neurotransmitter opens channels whose ions make the post-synaptic neuron harder to excite. (c) What is the fluid-filled gap called? (3 marks)

   Hint

   Release, binding, new potential.

   Answer

   (a) No neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft, so nothing binds the post-synaptic receptors and the impulse stops at the synaptic knob (1). (b) The new potential generated is inhibitory rather than excitatory, so the post-synaptic neuron becomes less likely to fire (1). (c) The synaptic cleft (1).

8. Q8 · 3 marks · Short answerHarder exam level

   Explain the functions of the cerebral cortex areas and of the limbic system. (3 marks)

   Hint

   Motor, sensory, association; emotions.

   Answer

   Motor areas control movements; sensory areas receive sensations (1). Association areas handle intersensory associations, memory and communication (1). Limbic system (amygdala, hippocampus) with hypothalamus regulates sexual behaviour, emotions such as excitement, pleasure, rage and fear, and motivation (1).

9. Q9 · 5 marks · Long answerHarder exam level

   (a) Describe the structure of a neuron, including the difference between myelinated and non-myelinated axons. (b) Why does a neuron keep using ATP even when it is not conducting impulses, and what would happen if it could not? (5 marks)

   Hint

   Cell body, dendrites, axon, Schwann cells; the pump is active transport.

   Answer

   (a) Cell body with cytoplasm, organelles and Nissl's granules; short branched dendrites with Nissl's granules carry impulses towards the cell body; a long axon carries impulses away and ends in branches with synaptic knobs holding vesicles of neurotransmitters (2). Myelinated axons are wrapped by a myelin sheath from Schwann cells, with gaps called nodes of Ranvier (spinal and cranial nerves); in non-myelinated axons a Schwann cell surrounds the axon without forming myelin (1). (b) The Na⁺-K⁺ pump is active transport: it uses ATP to move 3 Na⁺ out and 2 K⁺ in, keeping the concentration gradients that make the resting membrane polarised (1). Without ATP the gradients would gradually run down, the resting potential would disappear and the neuron could not generate action potentials (1).

10. Q10 · 3 marks · Short answerHOTS / competency

    Suppose a disease destroys the myelin sheath of some nerve fibres. Predict the effect on nerve impulses and on the person's movements, and explain. (3 marks)

    Hint

    Insulation and nodes.

    Answer

    Myelin insulates axons so that impulses travel quickly from node to node of Ranvier (1). Without myelin, impulses become slow or may fail to pass, as current leaks across the bare membrane (1). Signals from the CNS to muscles (and sensory signals back) are delayed or lost, causing weakness, poor coordination or numbness (1).

11. Q11 · 3 marks · Short answerHOTS / competency

    A person cannot feel hunger normally and has trouble controlling body temperature, but thinking and memory are unaffected. Predict which brain structure is damaged and justify, ruling out the cerebrum. (3 marks)

    Hint

    Base of thalamus.

    Answer

    The hypothalamus (1). It has centres controlling body temperature and the urge for eating and drinking (1). Thinking and memory depend on cerebral cortex association areas, which are working normally, so the cerebrum is not the damaged part (1).

12. Q12 · 1 mark · Assertion-reasonHOTS / competency

    Assertion (A): The outer surface of a resting axon is positively charged.
    Reason (R): The Na⁺-K⁺ pump moves three Na⁺ out for every two K⁺ it moves in.
    (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
    (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
    (c) A is true but R is false.
    (d) A is false but R is true.

    Hint

    Net positive charge moved out.

    Answer

    (a)

Test your recall

Answer in your head or on paper first, then open the card. Pulling an answer out of memory makes it stick far better than re-reading.

1. 1.What kind of neural system does Hydra have?Show answer

   A network of neurons.

2. 2.Which fibres carry impulses from organs to the CNS?Show answer

   Afferent fibres.

3. 3.What are Nissl's granules?Show answer

   Granular bodies in the cell body and dendrites of neurons.

4. 4.Which cells form the myelin sheath?Show answer

   Schwann cells.

5. 5.What are nodes of Ranvier?Show answer

   Gaps between adjacent myelin sheaths on an axon.

6. 6.Where are myelinated fibres found?Show answer

   In spinal and cranial nerves.

7. 7.What does the synaptic knob contain?Show answer

   Synaptic vesicles with neurotransmitters.

8. 8.What is the gap at a chemical synapse called?Show answer

   Synaptic cleft.

9. 9.Which structure connects the two cerebral hemispheres?Show answer

   Corpus callosum.

10. 10.Name two structures of the limbic system.Show answer

    Amygdala and hippocampus.

11. 11.Which canal passes through the midbrain?Show answer

    The cerebral aqueduct.

12. 12.Why is the cerebellum's surface highly folded?Show answer

    To provide extra space for many more neurons.

Quick revision checklist

The night before the exam: can you do each of these without looking?

• ☐Can you define coordination and give an example during exercise?
• ☐Can you draw the divisions of the human neural system as a tree?
• ☐Can you draw a neuron and label dendrites, cell body, axon, myelin sheath, nodes of Ranvier and synaptic knob?
• ☐Can you explain why the resting membrane is polarised?
• ☐Can you describe how an action potential is generated and conducted?
• ☐Can you list the steps of transmission at a chemical synapse?
• ☐Can you name the parts of the forebrain and their functions?
• ☐Can you name the parts of the hindbrain and the brain stem?

Neural Control and Coordination: frequently asked questions