ICSE Class 10 · Chapter 12

Forward Bloc and INA ICSE Class 10: Subhas Chandra Bose's Struggle

Updated 14 October 2026 · Fact-checked

Subhas Chandra Bose founded the Forward Bloc in 1939 to unite radical anti-imperialists and later led the Indian National Army, founded by Captain Mohan Singh, in an armed struggle for freedom. ICSE Class 10 tests the objectives of the Forward Bloc, the founder and objectives of the INA, and Bose's contribution to it.

What Forward Bloc and INA is about

Subhas Chandra Bose believed that the British would leave India only under pressure, including armed pressure. Twice elected President of the Congress (Haripura 1938, Tripuri 1939), he resigned in 1939 after differences with Gandhi and founded the Forward Bloc.

During the Second World War he escaped from house arrest in Calcutta (1941), reached Germany and then, in 1943, South-East Asia. There he took over the Indian National Army (INA, or Azad Hind Fauj), which had been formed in 1942 by Captain Mohan Singh from Indian prisoners of war captured by the Japanese. Bose set up a provisional government of Free India, raised a women's regiment, gave the call 'Delhi Chalo' and led the INA to the borders of India.

The syllabus is short: the objectives of the Forward Bloc; the name of the INA's founder; the INA's objectives; and Bose's contribution. CISCE examiners have seen students confuse the objectives of the Forward Bloc with those of the INA, miss the words 'odd one out', and fail to link Bose's socialist aim with the Forward Bloc's aim of abolishing zamindari.

Weightage: CISCE publishes no chapter weightage. History is tested in Part I (compulsory 1- and 2-mark items) and in Part II Section B, where you answer three of five 10-mark History questions, each split 3 + 3 + 4.Source: CISCE ICSE 2027 Specimen Question Paper 501, History & Civics (H.C.G. Paper 1)

Key concepts

Bose and the Congress: background to the Forward Bloc

Bose was elected President of the Congress at Haripura in 1938. In 1939 he was re-elected at Tripuri, defeating Pattabhi Sitaramayya, who was backed by Gandhi. Many senior leaders refused to work with him, and Bose disagreed with the Gandhian leadership over methods: he wanted a more militant, uncompromising struggle and wanted to use Britain's difficulties in the coming war. Unable to work smoothly, he resigned the presidency and in May 1939 formed the Forward Bloc, first as a group within the Congress, to bring together the radical and leftist elements.

Worked example

(2 marks) Why did Subhas Chandra Bose resign as Congress President in 1939?

Try it first, then show the solutionSolution

He had defeated Gandhi's candidate, Pattabhi Sitaramayya, at Tripuri, and senior leaders would not cooperate with him - 1 mark.
He differed with the Gandhian leadership over methods, wanting an uncompromising struggle, so he resigned and formed the Forward Bloc - 1 mark.

Answer: After defeating Gandhi's candidate at Tripuri in 1939, Bose found that senior leaders would not work with him, and he differed with Gandhi over methods. He therefore resigned and formed the Forward Bloc.

Objectives of the Forward Bloc

1. To bring together all radical and anti-imperialist forces and carry on an uncompromising struggle for complete independence.
2. To establish a modern socialist state after independence.
3. To abolish the zamindari system and landlordism.
4. To bring about the economic regeneration of the country through large-scale production using modern scientific methods.
5. To bring production and distribution under social ownership and control, and introduce a new monetary and credit system.
6. To ensure freedom of religious worship and equal rights for every individual.
7. To give linguistic and cultural autonomy to all sections of society.

Worked example

(2 marks) Mention any two objectives of the Forward Bloc.

Try it first, then show the solutionSolution

To unite all radical anti-imperialist forces in an uncompromising struggle for complete independence - 1 mark.
To set up a socialist state and abolish the zamindari system after independence - 1 mark.

Answer: The Forward Bloc aimed to unite radical anti-imperialist forces in an uncompromising fight for complete independence, and to build a socialist state, abolishing zamindari, after freedom.

Bose's escape and the war

When the Second World War began, Bose wanted to use Britain's difficulties to win freedom. He was arrested in 1940 and then kept under house arrest in Calcutta. In January 1941 he escaped in disguise, reached Kabul and then Germany. In Germany he organised an Indian Legion from Indian prisoners of war and broadcast to India over the radio. In 1943 he travelled by submarine to South-East Asia, where Japan, at war with Britain, had captured large numbers of Indian soldiers.

Worked example

(2 marks) Why did Bose leave India in 1941 and seek help abroad?

Try it first, then show the solutionSolution

He believed Britain's involvement in the Second World War was the right moment to strike for freedom - 1 mark.
Under house arrest, he could do nothing in India, so he escaped to seek the help of Britain's enemies (Germany and Japan) for an armed struggle - 1 mark.

Answer: Bose wanted to use the war, when Britain was weak, to win India's freedom. As he was under house arrest, he escaped in 1941 to seek the help of Germany and Japan in organising an armed struggle.

Founding and objectives of the INA

Founder: the Indian National Army was founded in 1942 by Captain Mohan Singh, an officer of the British Indian Army, from Indian prisoners of war taken by the Japanese in Malaya and Singapore, with the support of Rash Behari Bose's Indian Independence League. After differences with the Japanese, the first INA was disbanded; in July 1943 Subhas Chandra Bose took over and revived it.

Objectives:
1. To organise an armed struggle and fight the British army to liberate India.
2. To organise a provisional government of Free India, to mobilise forces effectively.
3. Total mobilisation of Indian manpower and money for a total war against the British.
4. To inspire Indians with the motto of 'Unity, Faith and Sacrifice' (Ittehad, Etmad, Qurbani).

Worked example

(3 marks) Who founded the INA? Mention two of its objectives.

Try it first, then show the solutionSolution

Captain Mohan Singh founded the INA in 1942 from Indian prisoners of war - 1 mark.
To organise an armed revolution and fight the British to liberate India - 1 mark.
To form a provisional government of Free India and mobilise Indian manpower and money for a total war - 1 mark.

Answer: The INA was founded by Captain Mohan Singh in 1942. Its objectives were to liberate India through an armed struggle against the British, and to set up a provisional government of Free India that would mobilise Indian manpower and money for total war.

Contribution of Subhas Chandra Bose to the INA

1. Leadership: in 1943 he became the Supreme Commander of the INA, reorganised it and increased its strength by recruiting Indian civilians in South-East Asia. Regiments were named after Gandhi, Nehru, Azad and Bose himself.
2. Provisional government: on 21 October 1943, in Singapore, he set up the Provisional Government of Free India (Azad Hind), which was recognised by Japan, Germany, Italy and several other countries.
3. Women's regiment: he formed the Rani of Jhansi Regiment of women, led by Captain Lakshmi Swaminathan.
4. Inspiring slogans: 'Delhi Chalo', 'Give me blood and I will give you freedom' and the greeting 'Jai Hind'.
5. Territory and campaign: the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, handed over by Japan, were renamed Shaheed and Swaraj Dweep. The INA advanced into India through Burma and hoisted the national flag at Moirang in Manipur in 1944, but the Imphal-Kohima campaign failed and the INA surrendered in 1945.
6. Impact: the trials of INA officers at the Red Fort (1945-46) roused the whole country, and the British realised that the loyalty of Indian soldiers could no longer be taken for granted, which hastened the end of British rule.

Worked example

(4 marks) Describe any four contributions of Subhas Chandra Bose to the INA.

Try it first, then show the solutionSolution

Took command in 1943 as Supreme Commander, reorganised the INA and expanded its strength - 1 mark.
Set up the Provisional Government of Free India (Azad Hind) in Singapore in October 1943 - 1 mark.
Formed the Rani of Jhansi Regiment of women under Captain Lakshmi Swaminathan - 1 mark.
Inspired soldiers with slogans like 'Delhi Chalo' and led the INA into India, where it hoisted the tricolour at Moirang - 1 mark.

Answer: Bose (1) took over and reorganised the INA as its Supreme Commander, (2) set up the Provisional Government of Free India in Singapore in 1943, (3) formed the Rani of Jhansi women's regiment, and (4) inspired the INA with 'Delhi Chalo' and led it into Manipur, where the tricolour was hoisted at Moirang.

Forward Bloc and INA in real life

Each concept, met in an everyday situation. Read the situation, answer the question in your own words, then compare with the model answer. The one-line hook is what to remember.

Forward Bloc's economic aims

Suppose a newly independent country has a few landlords owning most farmland while the tillers own nothing, and a party promises to end landlordism and plan large modern industries under social control.

Which objectives of the Forward Bloc does this party share, and what idea links them?

Try it first, then show the solutionSolution

The Forward Bloc aimed to abolish zamindari and landlordism.
It aimed at economic regeneration through large-scale modern production under social ownership and control.
Both come from the goal of a socialist state.

Answer: It shares the Forward Bloc's aims of abolishing zamindari and building modern, large-scale industry under social ownership. Both follow from Bose's goal of a socialist state after independence.

Memory hook: Forward Bloc: freedom first, socialism next.

Total mobilisation

Imagine an organisation fighting for a cause asks every supporter abroad to give either service as a volunteer or a share of savings, under the slogan 'Unity, Faith and Sacrifice'.

Which INA objective and motto does this resemble?

Try it first, then show the solutionSolution

The INA aimed at total mobilisation of Indian manpower and money for a total war.
Its motto was 'Unity, Faith and Sacrifice'.
Indians in South-East Asia gave money, jewels and recruits to the INA.

Answer: It resembles the INA's objective of total mobilisation of Indian manpower and money, with the motto 'Unity, Faith and Sacrifice', under which Indians in South-East Asia gave money and joined the army.

Memory hook: Give me blood: manpower and money for freedom.

Women in the freedom struggle

Suppose a school forms a cadet unit open only to boys, and a girl argues that a historical army had a full women's regiment in the 1940s.

Which regiment is she referring to, and who led it?

Try it first, then show the solutionSolution

Bose formed a women's regiment in the INA.
It was named after Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi.
It was led by Captain Lakshmi Swaminathan.

Answer: She means the Rani of Jhansi Regiment of the INA, formed by Subhas Chandra Bose and led by Captain Lakshmi Swaminathan.

Memory hook: Rani of Jhansi Regiment: Bose's women soldiers.

Topics in this chapter

Forward Bloc and the Indian National Army

Forward Bloc and INA: key facts

Forward Bloc: 1939, Subhas Chandra Bose; After resigning the Congress presidency (Tripuri).
INA founder: Captain Mohan Singh, 1942; From Indian prisoners of war in Malaya and Singapore.
Bose takes command: July 1943, Singapore; Supreme Commander of the INA.
Provisional Government of Free India: 21 October 1943, Singapore; Recognised by the Axis powers.
Motto: Unity, Faith, Sacrifice (Ittehad, Etmad, Qurbani)
Slogans: 'Delhi Chalo'; 'Give me blood and I will give you freedom'; 'Jai Hind'
INA trials: Red Fort, 1945-46; Roused nationwide support.

How the board asks Forward Bloc and INA

The question patterns to expect, and the method that works for each.

Question type	How it is asked	Method
Odd one out (Part I MCQ)	A list of objectives, one of which belongs to another body (for example the Congress's 'train public opinion').	Read 'odd one out' carefully. INA = armed struggle, provisional government, total mobilisation, unity-faith-sacrifice.
Assertion-reason (Part I)	A: Forward Bloc aimed to abolish zamindari. R: Bose wanted a socialist state.	Link aims to ideology: socialism explains zamindari abolition.
Identify contributions (Part I)	A list of statements; choose those that apply to Bose.	Bose = Forward Bloc, INA Supreme Commander. Lucknow Pact = Tilak; Quit India = Gandhi.
Objectives and contributions (2 to 4 marks)	Two objectives of the Forward Bloc; four contributions of Bose to the INA.	Keep two separate lists; never mix Forward Bloc and INA objectives.

Tricks to remember Forward Bloc and INA

Short memory aids. Say each one aloud once, then use it on a question the same day.

FB = Freedom + Socialism
Forward Bloc: complete freedom, socialist state, no zamindari, modern industry.
Use it when: Forward Bloc objectives.
INA = Arms, Government, Mobilise
Armed struggle, provisional Government, total Mobilisation; motto Unity-Faith-Sacrifice.
Use it when: INA objectives.
Bose's 4 Rs
Reorganised the INA, Recognised government (Azad Hind), Rani of Jhansi Regiment, Rousing slogans.
Use it when: Bose's contribution.

Forward Bloc and INA: board-level solved questions

Ordered from board level to HOTS. Cover the solution, write your own, then compare step by step.

Example 1: Odd one out · 1 mark · MCQBoard level

Identify the odd one out among these objectives of the INA.
(a) To organise a provisional government of Free India
(b) Total mobilisation of Indian manpower and money
(c) Unity, faith and sacrifice
(d) To train and organise public opinion in the country

Try it first, then show the solutionSolution

(a), (b) and (c) are INA objectives or its motto.
(d) is an objective of the early Indian National Congress.

Answer: (d) To train and organise public opinion in the country.

Example 2: Assertion and reason: Forward Bloc · 1 mark · Assertion-reasonHarder board level

Assertion (A): The Forward Bloc had the objective of abolishing the zamindari system.
Reason (R): Subhas Chandra Bose wanted to establish a socialist state.
(a) A is true but R is false
(b) R is the reason for A
(c) Both A and R are false
(d) Only R is true

Try it first, then show the solutionSolution

Abolition of zamindari was a Forward Bloc objective: A is true.
Bose's aim of a socialist state explains why: R is true and is the reason for A.

Answer: (b) R is the reason for A.

Example 3: Identify Bose's contributions · 1 mark · MCQBoard level

Which of these are contributions of Subhas Chandra Bose? P: Supreme Commander of the INA; Q: signed the Lucknow Pact; R: led the Quit India Movement; S: founded the Forward Bloc.
(a) P and Q
(b) Q and R
(c) P and S
(d) R and S

Try it first, then show the solutionSolution

The Lucknow Pact is linked with Tilak and Jinnah; Quit India with Gandhi.
Bose commanded the INA and founded the Forward Bloc.

Answer: (c) P and S.

Example 4: Forward Bloc objectives · 2 marks · Very short answerBoard level

Mention any two objectives of the Forward Bloc.

Try it first, then show the solutionSolution

Uncompromising struggle for complete independence, uniting radical anti-imperialist forces.
A socialist state with abolition of zamindari (also: modern large-scale production, freedom of worship, equal rights).

Answer: (1) To unite all radical anti-imperialist forces in an uncompromising struggle for complete independence. (2) To establish a socialist state after independence, abolishing zamindari.

Example 5: Provisional government · 3 marks · Short answerHarder board level

When and where did Bose set up the Provisional Government of Free India? Why was it important?

Try it first, then show the solutionSolution

On 21 October 1943, in Singapore.
It was recognised by Japan, Germany, Italy and other countries, giving the INA's struggle international standing.
It gave the INA a political authority to mobilise Indians in South-East Asia and to administer liberated territory such as the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Answer: Bose set up the Provisional Government of Free India in Singapore on 21 October 1943. It gave the movement international recognition from the Axis powers and a political base to mobilise Indians abroad and govern territory such as the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Example 6: Why the INA mattered though it failed militarily · 3 marks · Short answerHOTS / competency

'The INA failed on the battlefield but succeeded in hastening freedom.' Justify with three points.

Try it first, then show the solutionSolution

The Imphal-Kohima campaign failed and the INA surrendered in 1945, so it failed militarily.
The Red Fort trials of INA officers (1945-46) united the nation in their support.
The British saw that the loyalty of the Indian armed forces was no longer certain, as shown also by the naval mutiny of 1946, which hastened their decision to leave.

Answer: Although the INA's campaign failed and it surrendered in 1945, (1) the Red Fort trials roused the whole country in support of its soldiers, (2) its example inspired Indians in the armed forces, and (3) the British realised they could no longer rely on Indian soldiers, which hastened their departure.

Example 7: Forward Bloc versus INA · 4 marks · Long answerHOTS / competency

Distinguish between the Forward Bloc and the INA on four points.

Try it first, then show the solutionSolution

Nature: the Forward Bloc was a political party; the INA was an army.
Founder: the Forward Bloc by Subhas Chandra Bose (1939); the INA by Captain Mohan Singh (1942).
Place: the Forward Bloc worked in India; the INA was raised in South-East Asia.
Aim/method: the Forward Bloc sought to unite radicals and build a socialist state; the INA sought to liberate India by armed struggle.

Answer: (1) The Forward Bloc was a political party; the INA an army. (2) Bose founded the Forward Bloc in 1939; Mohan Singh founded the INA in 1942. (3) The Forward Bloc worked within India; the INA was formed in South-East Asia. (4) The Forward Bloc aimed to unite radicals and build socialism; the INA aimed to free India through armed struggle.

Case-study practice (Section B style)

Read the situation, then answer every part. In the board paper this is a 10-mark question split into 3 + 3 + 4 marks.

Delhi Chalo

Read the extract and answer the questions.

'In Singapore the leader announced a government of Free India and told the soldiers, "Give me blood and I will give you freedom." Women in khaki marched beside the men. A year later the tricolour flew on Indian soil in Manipur. When the war ended, three officers stood trial at the Red Fort, and the whole country stood with them.'

(i) · 3 marks
Identify the leader and the army. Who had founded this army, and when?
Answer
Answer: Subhas Chandra Bose and the Indian National Army (Azad Hind Fauj). It had been founded by Captain Mohan Singh in 1942.
1 mark each for leader, army and founder with year.
(ii) · 3 marks
Mention three objectives of the army.
Answer
Answer: (1) To liberate India through an armed struggle against the British. (2) To form a provisional government of Free India. (3) Total mobilisation of Indian manpower and money for total war (motto: Unity, Faith and Sacrifice).
1 mark each.
(iii) · 4 marks
Who were the 'women in khaki'? Explain how the trials at the Red Fort helped the freedom struggle.
Answer
Answer: The Rani of Jhansi Regiment of the INA, led by Captain Lakshmi Swaminathan. The Red Fort trials (1945-46) roused nationwide sympathy and protests, united Indians across parties, and showed the British that Indian soldiers' loyalty could no longer be relied on, hastening independence.
2 marks for the regiment and leader; 2 for the trials' impact.

Where the marks are

How a typical answer is split into step marks. Show every step: a right final answer alone rarely earns full marks.

Two objectives of the Forward Bloc. (2 marks) (2 marks)

Step	Marks
Uncompromising struggle for complete independence.	1
Socialist state / abolish zamindari.	1

Founder and two objectives of the INA. (3 marks) (3 marks)

Step	Marks
Captain Mohan Singh, 1942.	1
Armed struggle to liberate India.	1
Provisional government / total mobilisation.	1

Four contributions of Bose to the INA. (4 marks) (4 marks)

Step	Marks
Supreme Commander; reorganised INA.	1
Provisional Government, 1943.	1
Rani of Jhansi Regiment.	1
Slogans and march to Moirang.	1

Where students lose marks in Forward Bloc and INA

The slips examiners see most often, and what to write instead.

Mistake: Mixing Forward Bloc and INA objectives
CISCE examiners' comments, 2025: candidates confused the objectives of the Forward Bloc with those of the INA.
Wrong working
Forward Bloc objectives: provisional government; total mobilisation.
Right working
Forward Bloc: uncompromising struggle, socialist state, abolish zamindari. INA: armed struggle, provisional government, total mobilisation.
Do this: Party versus army: political aims versus military aims.
Usually costs: 2 marks.
Mistake: Missing 'odd one out'
CISCE examiners' comments, 2024: candidates chose (b) or (c) because they missed the words 'odd one out'.
Do this: Underline the instruction before reading options.
Usually costs: The full mark.
Mistake: Not linking socialism with zamindari abolition
CISCE examiners' comments, 2024: candidates could not link the assertion with the reason.
Do this: Ask: does R explain why A happened? Bose's socialism explains the aim of ending zamindari.
Usually costs: The full mark.
Mistake: Naming Bose as the founder of the INA
Students merge founding with leadership.
Do this: Founder: Captain Mohan Singh (1942). Bose revived and led it from 1943.
Usually costs: 1 mark.

Practice questions on Forward Bloc and INA

Write each answer on paper first. Open the hint only if you are stuck, and the answer only when you have finished.

Q1 · 1 mark · MCQBoard level
The Forward Bloc was founded in:
(a) 1937
(b) 1939
(c) 1942
(d) 1943
Hint
Year of Tripuri.
Answer
(b) 1939.
Q2 · 1 mark · MCQHarder board level
The Rani of Jhansi Regiment was led by:
(a) Aruna Asaf Ali
(b) Captain Lakshmi Swaminathan
(c) Sarojini Naidu
(d) Begum Hazrat Mahal
Hint
A doctor who joined the INA.
Answer
(b) Captain Lakshmi Swaminathan.
Q3 · 2 marks · Very short answerBoard level
Name the founder of the INA. From whom were its soldiers first drawn?
Hint
Prisoners of war.
Answer
Captain Mohan Singh. Its first soldiers were Indian prisoners of war captured by the Japanese in Malaya and Singapore.
Q4 · 2 marks · Very short answerBoard level
State two slogans associated with Subhas Chandra Bose.
Hint
One is a march.
Answer
'Delhi Chalo' and 'Give me blood and I will give you freedom' (also 'Jai Hind').
Q5 · 2 marks · Very short answerHarder board level
Why did the INA's campaign in India fail? Give two reasons.
Hint
The war turned.
Answer
(1) Japan began losing the war and could not supply the INA with arms, air cover and food. (2) The monsoon and disease in the Imphal-Kohima region, and the strength of the British forces, forced the INA to retreat.
Q6 · 3 marks · Short answerBoard level
Mention three objectives of the INA.
Hint
Arms, government, mobilisation.
Answer
(1) To organise an armed struggle to drive the British out of India. (2) To set up a provisional government of Free India. (3) Total mobilisation of Indian manpower and money for a total war.
Q7 · 2 marks · Very short answerHarder board level
Explain how the Andaman and Nicobar Islands featured in Bose's campaign.
Hint
Renamed.
Answer
Japan handed the islands to the Provisional Government of Free India, which renamed them Shaheed Dweep and Swaraj Dweep, making them the first Indian territory under its administration.
Q8 · 4 marks · Long answerHOTS / competency
Compare Bose's approach with Gandhi's on two points, and explain why Bose sought foreign help.
Hint
Methods and timing.
Answer
Methods: Gandhi relied on non-violent mass satyagraha; Bose believed armed struggle was also needed. Timing: Gandhi would not exploit Britain's wartime difficulties in a way that compromised non-violence; Bose wanted to use the war as the moment to strike. Bose sought Germany's and Japan's help because, as enemies of Britain, they could provide arms, training and prisoners of war from which an army could be formed.
Q9 · 2 marks · Very short answerHOTS / competency
Mention any two objectives of the Forward Bloc relating to the economy.
Hint
Land and industry.
Answer
(1) Abolition of the zamindari system. (2) Economic regeneration through large-scale modern production under social ownership and control (also: a new monetary and credit system).

Test your recall

Answer in your head or on paper first, then open the card. Pulling an answer out of memory makes it stick far better than re-reading.

1.Where was Bose re-elected Congress President in 1939?Show answer
Tripuri.
2.Who founded the INA?Show answer
Captain Mohan Singh (1942).
3.What was the INA's motto?Show answer
Unity, Faith and Sacrifice.
4.Where was the tricolour hoisted by the INA in 1944?Show answer
Moirang, Manipur.
5.Where were INA officers tried?Show answer
The Red Fort, Delhi (1945-46).

Best order to study it

Bose's break with the Congress and the Forward Bloc's objectives.
Bose's escape and the wartime setting.
INA founder and objectives.
Bose's contributions to the INA.
Impact: Red Fort trials.

Quick revision checklist

The night before the exam: can you do each of these without looking?

Bose: Congress President 1938 (Haripura), 1939 (Tripuri); resigned; Forward Bloc 1939.
Forward Bloc: complete independence, unite radicals, socialist state, abolish zamindari, modern industry.
Escape January 1941; Germany; to South-East Asia 1943.
INA founded 1942 by Captain Mohan Singh from POWs.
INA objectives: armed struggle, provisional government, total mobilisation; motto Unity-Faith-Sacrifice.
Bose: Supreme Commander, Azad Hind Government (21 October 1943), Rani of Jhansi Regiment, 'Delhi Chalo', Moirang 1944.
Red Fort trials 1945-46: national upsurge; British lost faith in the army's loyalty.

Forward Bloc and INA: frequently asked questions

Was the Forward Bloc part of the Congress?

It began in 1939 as a group within the Congress to unite its radical members, and later became a separate party.

Who founded the INA: Mohan Singh, Rash Behari Bose or Subhas Chandra Bose?

Captain Mohan Singh formed the INA in 1942, with support from Rash Behari Bose's Indian Independence League. Subhas Chandra Bose took over and revived it in 1943. For the founder, write Mohan Singh.

Did the INA achieve its aim?

Not militarily: it surrendered in 1945. But the Red Fort trials and its example shook the loyalty of Indian soldiers to the British and hastened independence.

Based on: CISCE ICSE 2027 History & Civics syllabus (H.C.G. Paper 1); CISCE ICSE 2027 Specimen Question Paper and Marking Scheme, History & Civics (501)