Gandhian Nationalism (1927-1937): Poorna Swaraj, Civil Disobedience and the 1935 Act, ISC Class 11

What Gandhian Nationalism (1927–1937) is about

Weightage: CISCE gives no Class XI unit weightage for ISC History. Gandhian Nationalism (1927–1937) is topic 6 of the Class XI syllabus (Indian History) and can be asked anywhere in the 80-mark Paper I (Theory, 3 hours). Class XI is examined by the school, so your school sets the paper and decides how many marks each topic carries.Source: CISCE ISC History (851) syllabus, examination year 2028, Class XI

Key concepts

Simon Commission and the Nehru Report

Simon Commission

• Appointed in November 1927 under Sir John Simon to review the working of the 1919 reforms, two years earlier than the Act required; all seven of its members were British members of Parliament.
• Reasons for its boycott: (1) no Indian member, an insult to Indian self-respect; (2) Indians were to have no say in deciding their own constitution; (3) the early appointment was seen as a Conservative move to fix India's future before a possible Labour government.
• The Madras Congress (December 1927) resolved to boycott it 'at every stage and in every form'; the Muslim League (Jinnah's section) also joined.
• It landed in Bombay on 3 February 1928 to an all-India hartal and was met everywhere with black flags and the slogan 'Simon, go back'. At Lahore in October 1928 Lala Lajpat Rai was hit in a police lathi-charge and died the following month.

Nehru Report (August 1928)

• Secretary of State Lord Birkenhead challenged Indians to draft an agreed constitution. An All Parties Conference set up a committee under Motilal Nehru.
• Main proposals: Dominion Status for India; responsible government at the centre and in the provinces; joint electorates with reservation of seats for minorities where they were in a minority; universal adult suffrage; fundamental rights including equal rights for women; linguistic provinces; no state religion.
• Jinnah's amendments (such as one-third of central seats for Muslims) were rejected at the Calcutta convention (December 1928); he then drew up his Fourteen Points (1929).
• Younger leaders such as Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Bose rejected Dominion Status. The Calcutta Congress (December 1928) gave the government one year: if Dominion Status was not granted by 31 December 1929, the Congress would demand complete independence and launch civil disobedience.

Worked example

[4] Why did the Indians boycott the Simon Commission? (Understanding)

Try it first, then show the solutionSolution

1. All seven members were British; no Indian - 1 mark.
2. Indians denied a say in framing their own constitution; an insult to self-respect - 1 mark.
3. Appointed early by a Conservative government to shape reforms before Labour came in - 1 mark.
4. Congress (Madras 1927) and the League resolved on boycott: 'Simon, go back' - 1 mark.

Answer: The Commission had no Indian member, so Indians felt insulted and denied any say in deciding their own constitution; it was appointed two years early by a Conservative government, which Indians saw as an attempt to fix reforms before Labour could take office; so the Congress at Madras in 1927, and a section of the Muslim League, resolved to boycott it, greeting it with 'Simon, go back'.

Lahore session (1929) and the Poorna Swaraj Resolution

Background: the government did not accept the Nehru Report. Lord Irwin's declaration of October 1929 spoke vaguely of Dominion Status as the 'natural issue' of India's progress and promised a Round Table Conference, but a meeting with Congress leaders in December 1929 failed to win a firm commitment.

Lahore session (December 1929), presided over by Jawaharlal Nehru. Main points of the resolution:
1. Swaraj in the Congress creed was to mean Poorna Swaraj (complete independence); the Nehru Report's scheme of Dominion Status had lapsed.
2. The Congress would boycott the Round Table Conference.
3. Congress members were to resign from the legislatures and boycott future elections.
4. The All India Congress Committee was authorised to launch civil disobedience, including non-payment of taxes, whenever it thought fit.
5. 26 January 1930 was to be celebrated as Independence Day, with people taking a pledge.

At midnight on 31 December 1929 Nehru hoisted the tricolour on the banks of the Ravi. The Independence Pledge read on 26 January 1930 declared that the British government had ruined India economically, politically, culturally and spiritually, and that it was a crime against man and God to submit any longer to such rule.

Worked example

[4] State the main points of the Poorna Swaraj Resolution passed at Lahore. (Recall)

Try it first, then show the solutionSolution

1. Poorna Swaraj (complete independence) the goal; Nehru Report lapsed - 1 mark.
2. Boycott of the Round Table Conference and the legislatures - 1 mark.
3. AICC authorised to launch civil disobedience including non-payment of taxes - 1 mark.
4. 26 January 1930 to be observed as Independence Day - 1 mark.

Answer: The resolution declared that Swaraj meant complete independence and that the Nehru Report's scheme had lapsed; it called for a boycott of the Round Table Conference and of the legislatures; it authorised the AICC to launch civil disobedience, including non-payment of taxes; and it fixed 26 January 1930 as Independence Day, when people would take the independence pledge.

Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934): features

Launch

• On 31 January 1930 Gandhi sent the Viceroy eleven demands, including abolition of the salt tax; they were ignored.
• Dandi March: from 12 March 1930 Gandhi walked with 78 followers from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi on the Gujarat coast (about 385 km); on 6 April 1930 he broke the salt law by making salt.
• Why salt: it was used by every Indian, rich or poor, so the tax hurt everyone; breaking it was simple, non-violent and could be done anywhere.

Features
1. Salt laws were broken across India; C. Rajagopalachari led a march to Vedaranyam in Tamil Nadu; volunteers led by Sarojini Naidu marched on the Dharasana salt works (May 1930) and were beaten.
2. Boycott of foreign cloth and picketing of liquor shops; imports fell sharply.
3. No-tax campaigns: refusal of land revenue in some areas, of the chowkidari tax in Bihar and Bengal; forest laws broken in Maharashtra, Karnataka and the Central Provinces.
4. Women took part in large numbers: marching, picketing and going to jail.
5. The North-West Frontier: Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan's Khudai Khidmatgars ('Red Shirts') joined; at Peshawar in April 1930 soldiers of the Garhwal Rifles refused to fire on a crowd.
6. The North-East: Rani Gaidinliu led a Naga rising.
7. Repression: Gandhi was arrested in May 1930; the Congress was declared illegal and tens of thousands were jailed.

Difference from Non-Cooperation: it called on people to break laws, not just to refuse co-operation, and its goal was complete independence.

Worked example

[4] Describe four features of the Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930. (Recall)

Try it first, then show the solutionSolution

1. Dandi March (12 March-6 April 1930) and breaking of salt laws across India - 1 mark.
2. Boycott of foreign cloth; picketing of liquor shops - 1 mark.
3. No-tax campaigns (chowkidari tax, land revenue) and forest satyagraha - 1 mark.
4. Mass participation of women; frontier (Khudai Khidmatgars) - 1 mark.

Answer: Gandhi's Dandi March and the breaking of the salt law on 6 April 1930 were followed by salt satyagraha all over India; foreign cloth was boycotted and liquor shops picketed; peasants refused land revenue and the chowkidari tax and tribal people broke forest laws; and women joined in unprecedented numbers, while the Khudai Khidmatgars carried the movement to the North-West Frontier.

Round Table Conferences and the Gandhi-Irwin Pact

First Round Table Conference (London, November 1930-January 1931)

• The Congress boycotted it; representatives of the princes, the Muslim League, the Liberals, the depressed classes (B. R. Ambedkar) and others attended.
• It accepted in principle an all-India federation including the princely states, but nothing could work without the Congress.

Gandhi-Irwin Pact (5 March 1931). Main terms:
1. The Congress would discontinue civil disobedience and take part in the Second Round Table Conference.
2. The government would withdraw the special ordinances and the prosecutions related to the movement.
3. Political prisoners not convicted of violence would be released.
4. Confiscated property not yet sold would be returned; officials who had resigned would be treated leniently.
5. People in coastal villages could make salt for their own use; peaceful picketing of liquor and foreign cloth shops was allowed.

• Not granted: an inquiry into police excesses, and commutation of the death sentences of Bhagat Singh and his comrades (executed 23 March 1931). The Karachi Congress (March 1931) endorsed the pact and adopted a resolution on Fundamental Rights and Economic Policy.

Second Round Table Conference (September-December 1931)

• Gandhi attended as the sole representative of the Congress, claiming it spoke for all Indians.
• It deadlocked over the minorities question: Muslims, the depressed classes (Ambedkar), Sikhs and others demanded separate electorates; Gandhi opposed separate electorates for the depressed classes.
• Gandhi returned empty-handed in December 1931.

Worked example

[4] State the main terms of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931). (Recall)

Try it first, then show the solutionSolution

1. Congress to call off civil disobedience and attend the Second RTC - 1 mark.
2. Ordinances and prosecutions withdrawn; non-violent prisoners released - 1 mark.
3. Confiscated unsold property returned - 1 mark.
4. Salt for personal use in coastal villages; peaceful picketing allowed - 1 mark.

Answer: The Congress agreed to suspend civil disobedience and attend the Second Round Table Conference. In return the government withdrew its ordinances and prosecutions, released political prisoners not guilty of violence, returned confiscated property not yet sold, allowed coastal villagers to make salt for their own use and permitted peaceful picketing.

Resumption of the movement and the Poona Pact (1932)

Resumption

• The new Viceroy, Lord Willingdon, followed a hard line. Gandhi resumed civil disobedience in January 1932 and was arrested at once; the Congress was banned, and the movement was crushed through ordinances.
• Mass civil disobedience was suspended in 1933 and formally withdrawn in 1934; Gandhi turned to work for the 'Harijans' (he founded the Harijan Sevak Sangh in 1932).

Communal Award (August 1932): announced by Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald, it gave separate electorates to Muslims, Sikhs, Christians and others, and also to the depressed classes.

Gandhi's fast: in Yeravda jail Gandhi began a fast unto death (20 September 1932) against separate electorates for the depressed classes, which he believed would divide Hindu society permanently and leave untouchability untouched.

Poona Pact (24 September 1932), between Gandhi's side and B. R. Ambedkar:
1. Separate electorates for the depressed classes were given up; they would be elected through joint electorates.
2. Seats reserved for them in provincial legislatures were increased to 148 (the Award had given 71).
3. In the central legislature 18 per cent of the general seats were reserved for them.
4. A primary election among depressed-class voters would choose a panel of candidates for each reserved seat, followed by election by the joint electorate.

Significance: it ended the fast and kept the depressed classes within the general electorate, but Ambedkar accepted it under pressure and remained critical; it put the abolition of untouchability on the national agenda.

Worked example

[4] Why did Gandhi fast in September 1932, and what were the main terms of the Poona Pact? (Understanding)

Try it first, then show the solutionSolution

1. Communal Award (August 1932) gave separate electorates to the depressed classes - 1 mark.
2. Gandhi fasted (Yeravda) because it would divide Hindu society permanently - 1 mark.
3. Pact: separate electorates dropped; joint electorates with reserved seats - 1 mark.
4. 148 provincial seats (not 71); 18 per cent of central general seats; panel system - 1 mark.

Answer: Gandhi fasted against the Communal Award's separate electorates for the depressed classes, which he believed would split Hindu society for ever and do nothing to end untouchability. The Poona Pact with Ambedkar replaced separate electorates with joint electorates and reserved seats: 148 in the provincial legislatures instead of 71, and 18 per cent of the general seats at the centre, with a primary election to choose a panel of candidates.

Government of India Act, 1935: main features

1. All-India Federation of the British Indian provinces and those princely states that chose to join; it never came into being because too few princes acceded.
2. Provincial autonomy: dyarchy in the provinces was abolished; all provincial subjects were run by ministers responsible to elected legislatures. Governors kept special powers and discretion (for example to protect minorities or act in an emergency).
3. Dyarchy at the centre: subjects were to be divided into reserved (defence, foreign affairs, ecclesiastical affairs, tribal areas) under the Governor-General, and transferred subjects under ministers; this part was never implemented.
4. Division of powers into three lists: Federal, Provincial and Concurrent.
5. A Federal Court (set up in 1937) to settle disputes between the centre and provinces.
6. Separate electorates were continued and extended, as in the Communal Award and Poona Pact.
7. The franchise was widened but remained limited by property and education, so most adults still had no vote.
8. Bicameral legislatures in some provinces; Burma separated from India; new provinces of Sind and Orissa.
9. The British Parliament remained supreme, and the Governor-General had wide special responsibilities and veto powers.

Indian reaction: the Congress rejected it as offering no real power at the centre; Nehru called it 'a machine with strong brakes but no engine'. Yet the Congress decided to contest the provincial elections, and much of the Act's structure later passed into the Constitution of India.

Worked example

[4] State four main features of the Government of India Act, 1935. (Recall)

Try it first, then show the solutionSolution

1. Proposed All-India Federation of provinces and willing princely states - 1 mark.
2. Provincial autonomy: dyarchy in provinces ended; responsible ministers - 1 mark.
3. Dyarchy at the centre (never implemented); three lists of subjects - 1 mark.
4. Federal Court; separate electorates continued; limited franchise; Governor-General's safeguards - 1 mark.

Answer: The Act proposed an All-India Federation of the provinces and willing princely states; it gave provincial autonomy by ending dyarchy in the provinces and making ministers responsible to elected legislatures; it provided for dyarchy at the centre, never put into effect, and divided subjects into Federal, Provincial and Concurrent lists; and it set up a Federal Court while continuing separate electorates and a limited franchise under strong safeguards for the Governor-General.

The 1937 elections and the provincial ministries

Elections (early 1937)

• The Congress won a clear majority in five provinces (Madras, the United Provinces, the Central Provinces, Bihar and Orissa) and was the largest party in Bombay.
• After the Viceroy assured that governors would not interfere in the ordinary work of ministries, it formed ministries in July 1937; with the North-West Frontier Province and later Assam, Congress ministries ruled in eight of the eleven provinces.
• The Muslim League did poorly, winning only a small share of the Muslim seats; it did not lead a government in any province. In Punjab the Unionist Party (Sikandar Hayat Khan) and in Bengal Fazlul Huq's Krishak Praja Party in coalition with the League formed governments.

Critical points

• The results showed the Congress's mass support, but its weakness among Muslim voters (it contested few Muslim seats and won fewer).
• In the United Provinces the Congress refused to share power with the League except on terms the League would not accept; the League saw this as proof that Congress rule meant Hindu rule.

Work of the Congress ministries (1937-39)

• Released political prisoners, lifted bans on organisations and newspapers, and restored civil liberties.
• Tenancy and debt-relief laws for peasants; some labour welfare measures.
• Basic (Wardha) education scheme, prohibition in some areas, temple entry and measures against untouchability.
• Ministers took modest salaries (Rs 500 a month), setting an example of simplicity.
• Limits: they worked under governors' powers and limited funds; some dealt firmly with strikes and peasant agitations, disappointing the left.

Non-Congress ministries: the Unionists in Punjab passed laws to protect peasants from moneylenders; Fazlul Huq's government in Bengal also tried debt relief. The League accused Congress ministries of injustice to Muslims, and when the Congress ministries resigned in October-November 1939 over India's entry into World War II, the League celebrated a 'Day of Deliverance' (22 December 1939).

Worked example

[4] Summarise the achievements and limitations of the Congress ministries of 1937-39. (Evaluate)

Try it first, then show the solutionSolution

1. Released prisoners; restored civil liberties - 1 mark.
2. Tenancy and debt-relief laws; labour measures - 1 mark.
3. Basic education, prohibition, measures against untouchability; simple living - 1 mark.
4. Limits: governors' powers, limited funds, firmness with strikes; League's hostility - 1 mark.

Answer: The ministries released political prisoners and restored civil liberties, passed tenancy and debt-relief laws, and introduced basic education, prohibition and measures against untouchability, with ministers living simply. But they worked under governors' powers and tight finances, sometimes acted against strikes and peasant movements, and their relations with the Muslim League deteriorated, ending with the League's 'Day of Deliverance' when they resigned in 1939.

Gandhian Nationalism (1927–1937) in real life

Each concept, met in an everyday situation. Read the situation, answer the question in your own words, then compare with the model answer. The one-line hook is what to remember.

Topics in this chapter

• Civil Disobedience, Round Table Conferences and the Poona Pact
• The Government of India Act, 1935 and the 1937 Elections
• The Simon Commission, Nehru Report and Poorna Swaraj

Gandhian Nationalism (1927–1937): key facts

Simon Commission

Appointed November 1927; landed 3 February 1928

No Indian member; Lajpat Rai died after lathi-charge, 1928.

Nehru Report

August 1928

Dominion Status; joint electorates; adult suffrage; fundamental rights.

Lahore Congress

December 1929 (Jawaharlal Nehru)

Poorna Swaraj; Independence Day 26 January 1930.

Civil Disobedience

Dandi March 12 March-6 April 1930

Gandhi arrested May 1930.

Talks and pacts

RTC I	1930-31
Gandhi-Irwin Pact	5 March 1931
RTC II	Sept-Dec 1931
Communal Award	Aug 1932
Poona Pact	24 Sept 1932

Ambedkar; 148 seats.

Act and elections

Government of India Act 1935; elections 1937; ministries July 1937 to late 1939

Provincial autonomy; Congress in 8 provinces.

How the school exam asks Gandhian Nationalism (1927–1937)

The question patterns to expect, and the method that works for each.

Tricks to remember Gandhian Nationalism (1927–1937)

Short memory aids. Say each one aloud once, then use it on a question the same day.

• Lahore resolution: 'P-B-R-C-I'

  Poorna Swaraj, Boycott RTC, Resign councils, Civil disobedience authorised, Independence Day.

  Use it when: Main points of the resolution.

• Gandhi-Irwin terms: 'Stop, Attend; Release, Return, Salt, Picket'

  Congress: stop CDM, attend RTC. Government: release, return, salt, picketing.

  Use it when: Terms of the pact.

• 1935 Act: 'F-P-D-L-C'

  Federation, Provincial autonomy, Dyarchy at centre, Lists, Court.

  Use it when: Main features.

Gandhian Nationalism (1927–1937): exam-level solved questions

Ordered from exam level to HOTS. Cover the solution, write your own, then compare step by step.

Case-study practice (Section D style)

Read the situation, then answer every part. In a school exam set on the board pattern this is a 8-mark question split into 1 + 2 + 2 + 3 marks.

Where the marks are

How a typical answer is split into step marks. Show every step: a right final answer alone rarely earns full marks.

Where students lose marks in Gandhian Nationalism (1927–1937)

The slips examiners see most often, and what to write instead.

• ✗Mistake: Saying the Nehru Report demanded complete independence

  It is confused with the Lahore resolution a year later.

  Wrong working

  The Nehru Report asked for Poorna Swaraj.

  Right working

  Nehru Report (1928): Dominion Status; Lahore (1929): Poorna Swaraj.

  ✓Do this: Motilal 1928 dominion; Jawaharlal 1929 independence.

  Usually costs: 1-2 marks.

• ✗Mistake: Mixing up the Communal Award and the Poona Pact

  Both are from 1932 and concern electorates.

  ✓Do this: Award (August, MacDonald): separate electorates; Pact (September, Gandhi-Ambedkar): joint electorates with reserved seats.

  Usually costs: 1-2 marks.

• ✗Mistake: Claiming the 1935 Act created a federation

  The Act provided for it, but it never came into being.

  ✓Do this: Write 'proposed' and add that princes did not accede.

  Usually costs: 1 mark.

• ✗Mistake: A one-sided account of the 1937 elections

  The syllabus asks for a 'critical account'.

  ✓Do this: Add the Congress's weakness among Muslims and the UP coalition dispute.

  Usually costs: 1-2 marks.

• ✗Mistake: Listing Gandhi-Irwin terms only from one side

  The pact had obligations for both sides.

  ✓Do this: Write Congress terms, then government terms.

  Usually costs: 1 mark.

Practice questions on Gandhian Nationalism (1927–1937)

Write each answer on paper first. Open the hint only if you are stuck, and the answer only when you have finished.

1. Q1 · 1 mark · Very short answerExam level

   Who chaired the committee that drew up the Nehru Report?

   Hint

   Father of Jawaharlal.

   Answer

   Motilal Nehru.

2. Q2 · 1 mark · Very short answerExam level

   On which date did Gandhi break the salt law at Dandi?

   Hint

   April 1930.

   Answer

   6 April 1930.

3. Q3 · 1 mark · MCQExam level

   The Poona Pact (1932) was signed between Gandhi's side and:
   (a) Jinnah
   (b) B. R. Ambedkar
   (c) Lord Irwin
   (d) Ramsay MacDonald

   Hint

   Leader of the depressed classes.

   Answer

   (b) B. R. Ambedkar.

4. Q4 · 1 mark · Very short answerHarder exam level

   Which leader led the Khudai Khidmatgars?

   Hint

   Frontier Gandhi.

   Answer

   Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan.

5. Q5 · 4 marks · Short answerHarder exam level

   [4] State the main proposals of the Nehru Report.

   Hint

   Status, electorate, rights, provinces.

   Answer

   (1) Dominion Status with responsible government at the centre and in the provinces. (2) Joint electorates with reserved seats for minorities where they were in a minority. (3) Universal adult suffrage and fundamental rights, including equal rights for women. (4) Linguistic provinces and no state religion.

6. Q6 · 4 marks · Short answerHarder exam level

   [4] Why was the Gandhi-Irwin Pact criticised by some nationalists?

   Hint

   What it did not get.

   Answer

   (1) It did not mention independence or even Dominion Status. (2) It did not secure an inquiry into police excesses. (3) It did not save Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev from execution. (4) Many felt the movement was called off at its height for minor concessions.

7. Q7 · 4 marks · Short answerHarder exam level

   [4] Explain why the 1935 Act did not satisfy Indian nationalists.

   Hint

   Centre, safeguards, electorates, franchise.

   Answer

   (1) There was no responsible government at the centre; the federation never came into being. (2) Governors and the Governor-General kept wide special powers and vetoes. (3) Separate electorates were continued and extended, dividing Indians. (4) The franchise remained limited, and Parliament kept the power to change the constitution.

8. Q8 · 4 marks · Short answerHOTS / competency

   [4] How did Civil Disobedience differ from Non-Cooperation?

   Hint

   Goal, method, groups, Muslims.

   Answer

   (1) Goal: complete independence, not Swaraj within a year. (2) Method: deliberately breaking laws (salt, forest, taxes), not only refusing co-operation. (3) Much greater participation of women and of rich peasants. (4) Muslim participation was lower than in the Khilafat years, and labour took less part.

9. Q9 · 4 marks · Short answerHOTS / competency

   [4] 'The Poona Pact was a victory for both Gandhi and Ambedkar.' Evaluate.

   Hint

   What each gained and lost.

   Answer

   (1) Gandhi: separate electorates for the depressed classes were dropped, keeping them within the joint electorate. (2) Ambedkar: reserved seats rose from 71 to 148 in the provinces, with 18 per cent at the centre and a primary election. (3) But Ambedkar accepted under the pressure of the fast and remained critical. (4) It was a compromise that put untouchability on the national agenda but left deep disagreements.

10. Q10 · 8 marks · Long answerHarder exam level

    [8] (a) State the main features of the Government of India Act, 1935. [4]
    (b) Give a summary of the developments under the Congress and non-Congress ministries (1937-39). [4]

    Hint

    (a) F-P-D-L-C; (b) gains, limits, League.

    Answer

    (a) (1) All-India Federation (never formed). (2) Provincial autonomy with responsible ministers. (3) Dyarchy at the centre (not implemented) and three lists of subjects. (4) Federal Court; separate electorates; limited franchise; safeguards. (b) (1) Congress ministries in eight provinces released prisoners and restored civil liberties. (2) They passed tenancy and debt-relief laws and promoted basic education and measures against untouchability. (3) Non-Congress ministries (Unionists in Punjab, Fazlul Huq in Bengal) also worked for peasant debt relief. (4) The League's hostility grew, ending in the 'Day of Deliverance' when Congress ministries resigned in 1939.

Test your recall

Answer in your head or on paper first, then open the card. Pulling an answer out of memory makes it stick far better than re-reading.

1. 1.When did the Simon Commission arrive in India?Show answer

   3 February 1928 (Bombay).

2. 2.Where did Rajagopalachari lead a salt march?Show answer

   From Trichy to Vedaranyam, Tamil Nadu.

3. 3.Who led the volunteers at the Dharasana salt works?Show answer

   Sarojini Naidu (May 1930).

4. 4.Which session endorsed the Gandhi-Irwin Pact?Show answer

   Karachi Congress, March 1931 (Vallabhbhai Patel).

5. 5.When did Gandhi begin his fast in Yeravda jail?Show answer

   20 September 1932.

6. 6.When was the Federal Court set up?Show answer

   1937.

Quick revision checklist

The night before the exam: can you do each of these without looking?

• ☐Simon Commission (1927): no Indian; boycott; 'Simon, go back'; Lajpat Rai died 1928.
• ☐Nehru Report (1928): Dominion Status, joint electorates, adult suffrage, rights; Calcutta deadline.
• ☐Lahore (1929, Jawaharlal): Poorna Swaraj; boycott RTC and councils; CDM authorised; 26 January 1930.
• ☐CDM: Dandi 12 March-6 April 1930; salt, cloth, liquor, no-tax, forest; women; Khudai Khidmatgars.
• ☐Gandhi-Irwin Pact 5 March 1931; RTC II fails; resumed 1932; Communal Award; Poona Pact 24 September 1932 (148 seats, 18 per cent).
• ☐1935 Act: Federation (never formed), provincial autonomy, central dyarchy (never), lists, Federal Court, separate electorates.
• ☐1937: Congress majorities in 5, ministries in 8; League weak; UP coalition dispute; ministries' work; resigned 1939.

Gandhian Nationalism (1927–1937): frequently asked questions