The Objectives Resolution: The Vision of the Constitution (Class 12 History)
Updated 15 October 2026 · Fact-checked
On 13 December 1946 Jawaharlal Nehru moved the Objectives Resolution in the Constituent Assembly. It declared India an 'Independent Sovereign Republic', guaranteed citizens justice, equality and freedom, and promised safeguards for minorities, backward and tribal areas and depressed classes. Nehru said India would learn from other revolutions but not 'just copy' them.
Notice how the resolution's three groups of ideals, sovereignty, rights and safeguards, all feed into the Preamble of the Constitution.
Illustration drawn for QuestionBuddy.
Understand The Objectives Resolution
Why this topic matters. The Objectives Resolution is the 'vision' section of Theme 12. Boards ask for its ideals, how it became the basis of the Preamble, how it reflected an Independent Sovereign Republic, and the events that shaped the Constitution's vision; Nehru's speech is a regular source extract. NCERT introduction, sections 1, 1.1, 1.2, 2 and 2.1, Sources 1-2, and the closing pages.
1. A tumultuous time (section 1).
- Freedom on 15 August 1947 came with Partition. Fresh in memory: Quit India (1942), Subhas Chandra Bose's armed bid, and the Royal Indian Navy ratings' rising (spring 1946); scattered protests of workers and peasants, often with Hindu-Muslim unity.
- Yet the Great Calcutta Killings (August 1946) began a year of rioting that culminated in Partition massacres; millions of refugees moved.
- Princely states (about one-third of the subcontinent's area) had an ambiguous status; some maharajas dreamt of independent power.
- The Constitution therefore had to heal wounds, bring classes, castes and communities into a shared experiment, and nurture democracy in a culture of hierarchy and deference.
2. The making of the Constituent Assembly (1.1).
| Fact | Detail |
|---|---|
| How chosen | Not by universal franchise; Provincial Legislatures elected in the winter of 1945-46 chose the members |
| Party balance | Congress swept general seats; the Muslim League won most reserved Muslim seats but boycotted the Assembly; Socialists initially stayed away (a British creation); so 82 per cent of members were Congress |
| Congress not one voice | Socialists and defenders of landlordism; members close to communal parties and assertively secular ones |
| Public opinion | Debates reported in newspapers; public invited to send views: linguistic minorities, religious minorities, dalits (end to caste oppression, reserved seats) |
| Size and time | 300 members; framed December 1946 to November 1949; eleven sessions, 165 days; first session 9 December 1946; signed December 1949; in force 26 January 1950 |
3. The dominant voices (1.2).
- Nehru: moved the Objectives Resolution and the resolution on the National Flag (horizontal tricolour of saffron, white and dark green with a navy blue wheel).
- Patel: worked behind the scenes, drafting reports and reconciling views.
- Rajendra Prasad: President of the Assembly.
- B.R. Ambedkar: once a Congress opponent; on Gandhi's advice joined the Cabinet as law minister; Chairman of the Drafting Committee; with K.M. Munshi and Alladi Krishnaswamy Aiyar.
- Civil servants: B.N. Rau (Constitutional Advisor; background papers on other countries' systems) and S.N. Mukherjee (Chief Draughtsman).
- The record of debates fills eleven bulky volumes.
4. The Objectives Resolution (13 December 1946).
- Outlined the defining ideals and provided the framework for constitution-making.
- Proclaimed India an 'Independent Sovereign Republic'.
- Guaranteed citizens justice, equality and freedom.
- Promised adequate safeguards for minorities, backward and tribal areas, and Depressed and Other Backward Classes.
- These ideals later shaped the Preamble.
5. Nehru's speech (Source 1): 'We are not going just to copy'.
- His mind went back to the American Constitution, the French Revolution (the Oath of the Tennis Court) and the Russian revolution that created the USSR: India would learn from their successes and avoid their failures.
- He placed India's project within a longer history of struggle for liberty, but these were not a blueprint: the system had to 'fit in with the temper of our people'.
- Why no word 'democratic'? A republic already implied it; the Resolution gave the content of democracy, even of economic democracy. He said he stood for socialism.
- NCERT's reading: the aim was to fuse liberal democracy with the socialist idea of economic justice, re-worked for India: a plea for creative thinking.
6. The will of the people (2.1).
- Somnath Lahiri (Communist) saw the dark hand of British imperialism: the Assembly was British-made, working British plans 'under the shadow of British guns'; he urged declaring independence at once (Source 2).
- Nehru admitted the British had a 'hand in its birth' but said governments are the expression of the will of the people: the Assembly drew its strength from the people.
- The ideals of democracy, equality and justice grew from nineteenth-century social struggles: reformers against child marriage and for widow remarriage, Swami Vivekananda, Jyotiba Phule, Communists and Socialists organising workers and peasants, and the national movement itself.
- Earlier Acts (1909, 1919, 1935) enlarged Indian participation (Congress ruled 8 of 11 provinces after 1937), but were colonial enactments, with a franchise of only 10-15 per cent of adults. The 1946 vision was of a fully independent, sovereign republic.
7. Two agreed features.
- Universal adult franchise: an unprecedented act of faith, when other democracies (USA, UK) had extended the vote slowly.
- Secularism: not proclaimed in the Preamble but built into rights to freedom of religion (Articles 25-28), cultural and educational rights (29-30) and equality (14, 16, 17); a judicious distance rather than absolute separation of State and religion.
Key quotations
Short lines worth knowing by heart: who says them, when, and why they matter.
We are not going just to copy
Jawaharlal Nehru, 13 December 1946 (Source 1): On learning from other democracies while shaping India's own.
Key to the originality of the Constitution's vision.
fit in with the temper of our people and be acceptable to them
Jawaharlal Nehru (Source 1): On the system of government India should adopt.
Shows the demand for an Indian, not borrowed, democracy.
Governments are, in fact the expression of the will of the people
Jawaharlal Nehru, replying to critics (NCERT section 2.1): Answering the charge that the Assembly was British-made.
Locates the Assembly's legitimacy in the people.
under the shadow of British guns
Somnath Lahiri (Source 2): Arguing that real power was still in British hands.
A dissenting voice that historians must also weigh.
The Objectives Resolution: key facts
- Objectives Resolution (13 December 1946)
Moved by Jawaharlal Nehru Status India an 'Independent Sovereign Republic' Citizens justice, equality and freedom Safeguards minorities, backward and tribal areas, Depressed and Other Backward Classes - The framework for constitution-making; its ideals shaped the Preamble.
- Assembly timeline
- 1945-46 provincial elections; legislatures choose members
- 9 December 1946 first session
- 13 December 1946 Objectives Resolution
- November 1949 framing completed; signed December 1949
- 26 January 1950 Constitution comes into effect
- Eleven sessions spread over 165 days.
- Assembly facts
Members 300 Congress members 82 per cent Muslim League boycotted Socialists initially stayed away, seeing it as a British creation Debates eleven bulky volumes - Public opinion reached it through newspapers and petitions.
- Key figures
Jawaharlal Nehru Objectives Resolution; National Flag Vallabh Bhai Patel worked behind the scenes, reconciled views Rajendra Prasad President of the Assembly B.R. Ambedkar Chairman, Drafting Committee K.M. Munshi, Alladi Krishnaswamy Aiyar Drafting Committee B.N. Rau Constitutional Advisor S.N. Mukherjee Chief Draughtsman - Six dominant voices and two civil servants.
- Nehru's vision
- 1.Inspiration: the American Constitution, the French Revolution, the Russian revolution
- 2.But: 'We are not going just to copy'
- 3.Democracy: implied by 'republic'; economic democracy and socialism
- 4.Aim: fuse liberal democracy with economic justice, suited to India
- Answer to Lahiri: the Assembly expresses the will of the people.
- Indian roots of the vision
- Nineteenth-century reform: against child marriage, for widow remarriage
- Swami Vivekananda; Jyotiba Phule
- Communists and Socialists organising workers and peasants
- The national movement
- Acts of 1909, 1919, 1935: colonial, franchise only 10-15 per cent
- Outcome: universal adult franchise and Indian secularism.
How to answer The Objectives Resolution questions
Expect 1-mark items on who moved the Resolution, dates (9 and 13 December 1946) and roles of members; 3-mark questions on the ideals of the Resolution or how it shaped the Preamble; 8-mark questions on the ideals of the Resolution or the events and forces that shaped the Constitution's vision; and 4-mark extracts from Nehru's speech or Lahiri's reply.
- 1Set the scene: Partition, violence, princely states, popular movements.
- 2Describe the Assembly: how chosen, Congress dominance, internal diversity, public opinion.
- 3State the Resolution's ideals precisely.
- 4Explain Nehru's speech: historical examples, not copying, democracy and socialism.
- 5Bring in Lahiri's objection and Nehru's reply on the will of the people.
- 6Trace the roots of the ideals in social struggles and earlier Acts, and the difference from them.
- 7Conclude with universal franchise and Indian secularism as outcomes of the vision.
The Objectives Resolution in real life
The idea, met in an everyday situation. Answer the question in your own words, then compare with the model answer. The one-line hook is what to remember.
Learning without copying
Suppose a new school committee studies the rules of famous schools abroad before drafting its own, but adapts them to local languages, festivals and fees.
How does this mirror Nehru's approach in the Objectives Resolution debate?
Try it first, then show the solutionSolution
- Nehru recalled the American, French and Russian experiments.
- He wanted to learn from their successes and avoid their failures.
- But he insisted India was 'not going just to copy'; its system must suit the temper of the people.
Answer: Both borrow ideas critically and reshape them for local needs, which is what NCERT calls creative thinking about what was appropriate for India.
Memory hook: Study widely, design locally.
Legitimacy from the people
Imagine a students' council created under rules set by the principal, which then claims the right to speak for all students because thousands signed petitions supporting it.
How does this help explain the debate between Lahiri and Nehru?
Try it first, then show the solutionSolution
- Lahiri said the Assembly was British-made and worked under British plans.
- Nehru admitted the British had a hand in its birth.
- But he argued its strength came from the people and the national movement behind it.
Answer: An institution born under outside rules can still draw legitimacy from popular support; Nehru claimed the Assembly expressed the will of the people.
Memory hook: Born by rules, raised by the people.
Tricks to remember The Objectives Resolution
Short memory aids. Say each one aloud once, then use it on a question the same day.
9 and 13
The Assembly met on 9 December 1946; four days later, on 13 December, Nehru moved the Resolution.
Use it when: Dates.
ISR + JEF + safeguards
Independent Sovereign Republic; Justice, Equality, Freedom; safeguards for the weaker groups.
Use it when: Contents of the Resolution.
Three revolutions
America (Constitution), France (Tennis Court Oath), Russia (USSR): 'A-F-R, learn but don't copy'.
Use it when: Nehru's examples.
The Objectives Resolution: solved examples
Ordered from board level to HOTS. Try each one before you open the solution.
Example 1: Who drafted the background papers? · 1 mark · MCQBoard level
Which civil servant, as Constitutional Advisor, prepared background papers on the political systems of other countries for the Constituent Assembly?
(a) S.N. Mukherjee
(b) B.N. Rau
(c) K.M. Munshi
(d) Alladi Krishnaswamy Aiyar
Try it first, then show the solutionSolution
- B.N. Rau was Constitutional Advisor; S.N. Mukherjee was Chief Draughtsman (1 mark).
Answer: (b) B.N. Rau
Example 2: Ideals of the Resolution · 3 marks · Short answerBoard level
State the main ideals proclaimed in the Objectives Resolution of 13 December 1946. (3 marks)
Try it first, then show the solutionSolution
- Independent Sovereign Republic (1 mark).
- Justice, equality and freedom for citizens (1 mark).
- Adequate safeguards for minorities, backward and tribal areas, Depressed and Other Backward Classes; framework for constitution-making (1 mark).
Answer: Moved by Jawaharlal Nehru, the Objectives Resolution proclaimed India to be an 'Independent Sovereign Republic'. It guaranteed its citizens justice, equality and freedom. It assured that adequate safeguards would be provided for minorities, backward and tribal areas, and the Depressed and Other Backward Classes. It thus set out the basic ideals for free India's Constitution and gave the framework within which the work of constitution-making was to proceed; these ideals later found expression in the Preamble.
Example 3: Assertion and reason: 82 per cent · 1 mark · Assertion-reasonHarder board level
Assertion (A): The Congress overwhelmingly dominated the membership of the Constituent Assembly.
Reason (R): The Muslim League boycotted the Assembly and the Socialists were initially unwilling to join it.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Try it first, then show the solutionSolution
- NCERT links Congress dominance to the League's boycott and the Socialists' absence, besides Congress sweeping general seats (1 mark).
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Example 4: Why not 'democratic'? · 3 marks · Short answerHarder board level
Why did Nehru not use the word 'democratic' in the Objectives Resolution, and what did he mean by 'economic democracy'? (3 marks)
Try it first, then show the solutionSolution
- 'Republic' already contained the idea; India's past showed it stood for democratic institutions (1 mark).
- The Resolution gave the content of democracy, not just the word (1 mark).
- Economic democracy: justice in economic life; Nehru stood for socialism; fusion of liberal democracy and economic justice (1 mark).
Answer: Nehru said it was obvious that the word 'republic' contained the idea of democracy, and India's whole past showed that it stood for democratic institutions, so he did not want to use unnecessary words. More importantly, the Resolution gave the content of democracy, and even of economic democracy, rather than just the label. By economic democracy he meant extending justice to economic life; he declared that he stood for socialism and hoped India would move towards a socialist state. NCERT sees the aim as fusing liberal ideas of democracy with the socialist idea of economic justice, adapted to India.
Example 5: Source-based: Somnath Lahiri · 4 marks · Source-basedHarder board level
Read the source (summarised for this page from Somnath Lahiri's speech in NCERT) and answer.
Lahiri praised Nehru's bold and noble words that India would not accept anything imposed by the British. But, he said, the imposition was already present: the British plan tied the future constitution to a treaty acceptable to Britain, the Assembly worked under the shadow of British guns and their economic grip, and Britain had even threatened division. Instead of working out the plan, he urged, Indians should declare independence at once, stop fighting each other and unite against British imperialism.
(i) To which party did Lahiri belong? (1)
(ii) Why did he think the Assembly was not truly free? (1)
(iii) How did Nehru answer the charge that the Assembly was British-made? (2)
Try it first, then show the solutionSolution
- (i) Communist (1 mark).
- (ii) British plan, guns, army, economic stranglehold; final power in British hands (1 mark).
- (iii) Admitted British hand in its birth but said its strength came from the people; governments express the will of the people (2 marks).
Answer: (i) He was a Communist member of the Constituent Assembly. (ii) Because in the winter of 1946-47 the British were still in India: the Interim Government worked under the Viceroy, the British plan made any constitution depend on a treaty satisfactory to Britain, and the Assembly sat under the shadow of British guns, army and economic control, so final power was still British. (iii) Nehru admitted that most nationalists had wanted a different kind of Assembly and that the British had a hand in its birth and attached conditions to it. But he said one must not ignore the source of the Assembly's strength: governments do not come from state papers but express the will of the people, and the Assembly would go as far as the people as a whole wished.
Example 6: Long answer: forces behind the vision · 8 marks · Long answerHOTS / competency
"The vision of the Indian Constitution was shaped as much by Indian history as by the ideals of other revolutions." Examine this statement with reference to the Objectives Resolution and the debates around it. (8 marks)
Try it first, then show the solutionSolution
- Context of 1946-47 (1 mark).
- The Resolution's ideals (1 mark).
- Nehru's reference to American, French, Russian revolutions (1 mark).
- 'Not just copy'; temper of the people; economic democracy (1 mark).
- Lahiri's objection and the will of the people (1 mark).
- Indian roots: social reform, Phule, Vivekananda, workers and peasants, national movement (1 mark).
- Earlier Acts and their limits; universal franchise and secularism (1 mark).
- Judgement (1 mark).
Answer: The Constituent Assembly met from December 1946 in tumultuous times: freedom was near but Partition, communal violence and the uncertain status of the princely states threatened unity. On 13 December 1946 Nehru moved the Objectives Resolution, declaring India an Independent Sovereign Republic, guaranteeing justice, equality and freedom, and promising safeguards for minorities, backward and tribal areas and the Depressed and Other Backward Classes.
Nehru drew on world history. He recalled the framers of the American Constitution, the French revolutionaries who took the Oath of the Tennis Court, and the Russian revolution that created the USSR, placing India's effort within a longer history of struggle for liberty. Yet he said India was 'not going just to copy'; its system must fit the temper of the people. He left out the word 'democratic' because 'republic' implied it, and spoke of economic democracy and socialism. NCERT reads this as a fusion of liberal democracy with economic justice, re-worked for India.
Indian history mattered just as much. Nehru answered Somnath Lahiri's charge that the Assembly was British-made by saying it drew strength from the will of the people. The ideals of democracy, equality and justice had grown from nineteenth-century social reform against child marriage and for widow remarriage, Vivekananda's call for a juster Hinduism, Jyotiba Phule's work for the depressed castes, the organisation of workers and peasants, and the national movement against an illegitimate government. Earlier Acts of 1909, 1919 and 1935 had widened participation but were colonial enactments with a franchise of only 10-15 per cent.
The outcome reflected both influences: universal adult franchise, granted at once rather than in stages as in Britain and America, and a distinctively Indian secularism of judicious distance between State and religion.
The statement is therefore valid: world revolutions supplied inspiration, but Indian struggles and circumstances shaped what was adopted.
Where students lose marks in The Objectives Resolution
The slips examiners see most often, and what to write instead.
Mistake: Confusing who moved the Resolution with who chaired drafting
Several prominent names.
Wrong working
Ambedkar moved the Objectives Resolution.
Right working
Nehru moved it on 13 December 1946; Ambedkar chaired the Drafting Committee; Prasad was President.
Do this: Nehru = vision; Ambedkar = draft; Prasad = chair.
Usually costs: 1 mark.
Mistake: Saying the Assembly was elected by all adults
Mixing the Assembly with the Constitution it made.
Wrong working
The Constituent Assembly was elected by universal suffrage.
Right working
Provincial Legislatures chose its members; the Constitution later gave universal adult franchise.
Do this: Chosen indirectly, then gave the vote to all.
Usually costs: 1 mark.
Mistake: Listing the ideals incompletely
Forgetting the safeguards.
Wrong working
It promised justice and equality.
Right working
Independent Sovereign Republic; justice, equality, freedom; safeguards for minorities, backward and tribal areas, Depressed and Other Backward Classes.
Do this: ISR + JEF + safeguards.
Usually costs: 1 mark.
Mistake: Saying Nehru copied Western models
Misreading his references.
Wrong working
Nehru based the Constitution on the American and French models.
Right working
He drew inspiration from them but said 'We are not going just to copy'.
Do this: Learn, not copy.
Usually costs: 1-2 marks.
Exam tips
- Asked in: 2025 board paper 61/6/1 Q30(b) (8 marks, ideals of the Objectives Resolution); 2026 board paper 61/2/1 Q30(a) (8 marks, events that shaped the vision of the Constitution); 2025 board paper 61/5/1 Q27 (3 marks, the Resolution and the vision of an Independent Sovereign Republic); 2026 board paper 61/5/1 Q27 (3 marks, the Resolution as the basis of the Preamble); 2023 board paper 61/4/1 Q33 (4-mark source, Nehru's speech of 13 December 1946); sample paper 2026-27 Q33 (4-mark source on public opinion and the Assembly); 1-mark items such as 2024 61/3/1 Q20, 2026 61/1/1 Q20, sample papers 2025-26 Q21 and 2026-27 Q20. Answers here are our own.
- Learn the Resolution's three parts exactly.
- Quote 'We are not going just to copy' and explain why 'democratic' was omitted.
- Balance Lahiri's objection with Nehru's 'will of the people'.
- Link the vision to its Indian roots and to universal franchise.
Practice questions on The Objectives Resolution
Write each answer on paper first. Open the hint only if you are stuck, and the answer only when you have finished.
Q1 · 1 mark · MCQBoard level
Who presided over the Constituent Assembly?
(a) B.R. Ambedkar
(b) Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) Rajendra Prasad
(d) Vallabh Bhai PatelHint
He steered discussions and gave every member a chance to speak.
Answer
(c) Rajendra Prasad.
Q2 · 2 marks · Very short answerBoard level
How were members of the Constituent Assembly chosen? (2 marks)
Hint
Not universal franchise.
Answer
They were not elected by universal franchise. Provincial elections were held in the winter of 1945-46, and the Provincial Legislatures then chose the representatives to the Constituent Assembly.
Q3 · 3 marks · Short answerHarder board level
How did public opinion influence the Constituent Assembly's work? (3 marks)
Hint
Newspapers and views sent in.
Answer
The arguments in the Assembly were reported in newspapers and debated publicly, and criticisms and counter-criticisms in the press shaped the consensus reached on specific issues. The public was also asked to send in their views: linguistic minorities sought protection for their mother tongues, religious minorities asked for special safeguards, and dalits demanded an end to caste oppression and reservation of seats. Issues of cultural rights and social justice raised in these discussions were then debated on the floor of the Assembly.
Q4 · 3 marks · Short answerHarder board level
Why does NCERT warn against seeing an unbroken continuity between the Acts of 1909, 1919 and 1935 and the Constitution framed after 1946? (3 marks)
Hint
Who made them, who voted, to whom responsible.
Answer
The earlier Acts responded to Indian demands for representative government but were enacted by the colonial government, not debated and formulated by Indians. Even in 1935 the electorate was limited to no more than 10-15 per cent of adults, with no universal franchise, and the legislatures worked within colonial rule, responsible to a British-appointed Governor. The vision of 13 December 1946 was of a Constitution for an independent, sovereign republic made by Indians themselves.
Q5 · 1 mark · Assertion-reasonHarder board level
Assertion (A): The Constituent Assembly was elected on the basis of universal adult franchise.
Reason (R): The Constitution granted the vote to every adult Indian.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.Hint
How was the Assembly chosen?
Answer
(d) A is false but R is true: the Assembly was chosen by provincial legislatures, while the Constitution it framed introduced universal adult franchise.
Q6 · 3 marks · Short answerHOTS / competency
Suppose you sat in the Assembly in late 1946 and shared Somnath Lahiri's doubts. How would you respond to Nehru's claim that the Assembly expressed the will of the people? (3 marks)
Hint
Franchise; British control; then a balanced close.
Answer
I would point out that the Assembly was not elected by universal franchise but chosen by provincial legislatures elected on a limited franchise, so its claim to speak for all the people was weak; that the Interim Government still worked under the Viceroy and British plans; and that Britain retained military and economic power. Yet I would accept Nehru's point that the Assembly carried the weight of the national movement, and that what mattered was whether it acted on the people's aspirations, as it later did by granting universal adult franchise.
Q7 · 4 marks · Short answerHOTS / competency
Universal adult franchise was called 'an unprecedented act of faith'. Using the chapter, explain why, and how it connects with the ideals of the Objectives Resolution. (4 marks)
Hint
Other democracies; 1935 franchise; equality.
Answer
In democracies such as the United States and Britain, the vote was extended slowly: first to men of property, then to educated men, then after long struggles to working-class and peasant men, and later still to women. India gave every adult the vote at once, even though under the 1935 Act only 10-15 per cent of adults could vote and many were poor and not literate. This was an act of faith in ordinary people. It follows from the Objectives Resolution's promise of justice, equality and freedom for all citizens and from Nehru's view that government must express the will of the people as a whole, not of any party or group.
Test your recall
Answer in your head or on paper first, then open the card. Pulling an answer out of memory makes it stick far better than re-reading.
1.When did the Constituent Assembly begin its sessions?Show answer
9 December 1946.
2.How many members did the Constituent Assembly have?Show answer
300.
3.What share of members were also Congress members?Show answer
82 per cent.
4.Who was the Chief Draughtsman?Show answer
S.N. Mukherjee.
5.In how many sessions and sitting days was the Constitution framed?Show answer
Eleven sessions spread over 165 days.
6.When did the Constitution come into effect?Show answer
26 January 1950.
The Objectives Resolution: frequently asked questions
What was the Objectives Resolution?
A resolution moved by Nehru on 13 December 1946 setting out the ideals of the Constitution: an Independent Sovereign Republic, justice, equality and freedom, and safeguards for weaker sections.
Why did Nehru refer to the American, French and Russian revolutions?
To place India's constitution-making within a longer history of struggles for liberty, while insisting that India would learn from them and not just copy.
Was the Constituent Assembly elected by all adults?
No. Its members were chosen by Provincial Legislatures elected in 1945-46; the Constitution it framed introduced universal adult franchise.
How did the Objectives Resolution relate to the Preamble?
Its ideals of an independent sovereign republic and justice, equality and freedom for citizens provided the framework that found expression in the Preamble.